Newton Alimentary Flashcards
1
Q
What is a primary facial cleft called?
A
Cheiloschisis
Hair lip → normal in rabbits
2
Q
What pathological event causes cheiloschisis?
TQ
A
- Incomplete fusion of nasofrontal and maxillary processes.
- involves lip (superficial) or lip & nostrils (deep)
3
Q
What are the two types of primary facial clefts?
A
- Superficial →cleft lip
- Deep →cleft lip + nostrils (uni or bilateral)
4
Q
What is a secondary facial cleft called?
A
Palatoschisis
5
Q
What pathological event causes palatoschisis?
Sequella?
A
- Incomplete fusion of the palatine processes
Affected animals:
- can’t nurse properly
- aspiration pneumonia
6
Q
What species have a genetic predisposition to developing a facial cleft?
A
- Cattle: Charlois, Hereford
- Dogs: Boxers
- Cats: Siamese, Abyssinian
7
Q
What toxins can cause facial clefts and
in what species?
A
- Cattle: Lupines
- Sheep: Veratrum Californicum → steroidal alkaloids
- Swine: Poison Hemlock, Crotalaria
- Cats: Gruseofulvin
- Primates: steriods
8
Q
Ingestion of Steroidal Alkaloids inhibits the Hedgehog Signaling Pathway in lambs. Tell what body part is affected if the ewe ingests this toxin on:
day 14, days 17-19 d & days 28-31?
A
- day 14 → deformities of the head
- day 17-19 → deformities of the trachea
- day 28-31 → shortened metatarsal & metacarpal bones (limbs)
9
Q
What mandibular malformation results in parrot mouth?
A
Brachygnathia Inferior
(mandible too short)
10
Q
What maxillary malformation results in “bull dog face”?
A
Brachygnathia Superior
(maxilla too short)
11
Q
What mandibular malformation results in prolonged mandibles?
A
Prognathia
12
Q
What mandibular malformation results in a missing lower jaw?
A
Agnathia
13
Q
How does the dental lamina normally form?
A
Gingival epithelium (ectoderm) invaginates down into jaw (mesenchyme).
14
Q
What makes enamel?
A
Ameloblasts
15
Q
What develops the Dental papilla?
A
- mesenchymal tissue = pulp
- odontoblasts = dentin
16
Q
What 3 things develop the dental follicle?
A
- Cementoblasts → cementum
- Osteoblasts → boney socket of teeth
- Fibroblasts → peridontal ligament
17
Q
Describe brachydont (simple) teeth.
A
- Crown→above gum
- Root→ below gum line
- Pulp→ inner core, nerves & vessles
- Have demarcation between root & crown
- Fibrous peridontal ligament holds tooth in socket
18
Q
Who has brachydont teeth?
A
- Carnivores
- Pigs (except tusks)
- Ruminants (lower incisors)
19
Q
Describe hypsodont (complex) teeth.
A
- high crown teeth w/ root
- crown & pulp grow throughout life
- no demarcation between root and crown
- infundibulum: cementum and enamel invaginations
20
Q
Who has hypsodont teeth?
A
- Horses
- Rodents
- Rabbits
- Ruminants →cheek teeth
21
Q
What are the 3 typs of developmental teeth abnormalities?
A
Anadontia = no teeth (rare)
Oligodontia = too few teeth (rare)
- Pseudo-oligodontia = failed/delayed eruption
Polydontia= too many teeth
- Psuedo-polyodontia = retained deciduous teeth
22
Q
What are dentigerous cysts?
A
- Heterotrophic polydontia AKA ear tooth
- Epithelial lined cavity + keratin + abnormal tooth
23
Q
Who gets dentigerous cysts?
A
Horses →under their ears
24
Q
What is the cause of enamel hypoplasia?
A
damage to ameloblasts → segmental brownish, thin to missing enamel.
25
Etiology of **enamel hypoplasia**?
## Footnote
**TQ**
* **K9 Distemper** → dogs \< 6 mo. old
* **BVD** → calves *in utero*
* **High fever in young animals**
26
Where is **chronic fluorisis** most common?
down stream of aluminum plants
27
What are 3 types of **abnormal pigmentation** of teeth?
* Chronic Fluorisis
* Congenital Erythopoetic Porphyria
* Tetracycline
28
Pathogenisis of **chronic flurosis**?
* Occurs during odontogenesis (6-36 mo. in cattle)
* Excess flouride disrupts enamal formation
* teeth are **soft, chalky enamel with yellow, brown to blackish spots**
29
What helps prevent **chronic fluorisis** in cattle?
selenium supplementation
30
What is "**pink tooth**”?
Congenital erythropoetic prophyria
31
What is the etiology of **congenital erythropoetic porphyria**?
* **2° to porphyrins** in dentin
* **Inherited→**defective heme pigment synthesis in erythrocytes
* **uroporphyrinogen 3 cosynthetase defect** →**type 1 porphyrin deposits**
32
What does **tetracycline** do to teeth?
Deposits Ca2+ in enamel→turning teeth yellow-brown.
(*Will fluoresce under UV light/Wood's Lamp*)
33
What is **pulpitis**?
Inflammation of dental pulp→ 2° to tooth DAMAGE
34
What is **periodontitis**?
* Inflammation of soft tissue surrounding tooth (gingivitis)
* 2° to bacterial plague/dental tartar → toxins & mechanical irritation.
35
What type of teeth do dental caries occur in?
Brachydont Teeth
36
What causes dental caries?
* Microbial enzymes & Acids→De-Calcification of enamel and Dentin
* Pulpitis
37
What type of teeth do **Infundibular impaction** occur in?
Hypsodont Teeth
38
2 other names for **Infundibular Impactions**?
* Infundibular necrosis
* Infundibular caries
39
What is the etiology of **Infundibular impaction**?
* Acid from food degradation by bacteria causing demineralization of enamel and cementum
* leading to pulpitis and periodontitis
40
What is the etiology of **feline external resorptive neck lesions**?
2° to odontoclastic resorption of cementum in the neck/root of tooth → resorptive cavity that collects food and dental plaque→ inflammation
41
What is **step mouth** and what type of teeth does it occur in?
* 2° to lost/broken tooth of opposite jaw leading to molar/premolar elongation
* Hypsodont teeth
42
What is **wave mouth** and what type of teeth does it occur in?
* 2° to multiple lost/broken teeth of the opposite jaw
* Hypsodont teeth
43
What is **shear mouth** & what type of teeth does it happen in?
* Irregular wear of molar/premolars leading to sharp points on medial and lateral aspects
* Hypsodont
44
What is the normal slope of horse teeth?
15%
45
Define **Cheilitis**
Inflammation of the lips
46
Define **Stomatitis**
Inflammation of the oral mucosa
47
Define **Glossitis**
Inflammation of tongue
48
Define **Gingivitis**
Inflammation of the gums
49
Define **Pharyngitis**
Inflammation of the pharynx
50
Define **Tonsilitis**
Inflammation of the tonsils
51
What viruses causes **Vesicular Diseases** of the mouth?
(all are reportable in large animals)
* **Foot & Mouth** - picorna
* (cattle, swine sheep/goats)
* **Vesicular Stomatitis** - rhabdovirus
* (all LA, only one in USA)
* **Swine Vesicular Exanthema** - Calicivirus
* **Swine Vesicular Dz** - Enterovirus
52
What are the clinical signs of **viral stomatitis** in LA?
* Vesicles
* Ulcers
* Salivation
* Lameness
* Fever
* Anorexia
* _+_ abortion
53
What are the **zoonotic vesicular dz's**?
_**Parapox stomatitis**:_
* **Bovine papular stomatitis**
* Milker's nodules
* **Contageous ecthyma of sheep & goats**
* Orf
54
**Non-viral** causes of **vesicular stomatitis**?
* **Pemphigus vulgaris** (Autoimmune stomatitis) →acantholysis & ulcers
* auto-antibodies to desmosomal protiens in epithelium
55
What are the 5 types of **ulcerative stomatitis** in SA
* Feline Ulcerative Stomatitis →Glossitis
* Feline Lymphoplasmacytic Stomatitis-Pharyngitis
* Oral Eosinophilic Granuloma Complex
* Chronic Ulcerative Paradental Stomatitis
* Uremia
56
What is the etiology of:
* feline ulcerative stomatitis/glossitis
* feline lymphoplasmacytic stomatitis-pharyngitis
* oral eosinophilic granuloma complex?
* Unknown
* FUSG→ oral tissues
* FLSP→ glossopalantine arches
* OEGC:
* Cats = Upper lip
* Huskies = tongue
57
What is the etiology of **Chronic Ulcerative Paradental Stomatitis**?
* 2° to dental plague→lymphocytes & plasma cells →gingival ulceration, bone resorption/tooth loss
* Maltese & CKCS
58
What is the etiology of **Uremia?**
* 2° to chronic renal dz→increased urea in blood/saliva→vascular & tissue damage
* urease producing bacteria in mouth
* excessive ammonia →ulceration
59
What are 3 types of **bacterial stomatitis**?
* **Oral Necrobacillosis**→fibrinonecrotic
* **Actinobacillosis**→chronic granulomatous inflammation w/ fibrosis
* **Actinomycosis** →pyogranulomatous
60
Pathology of **oral necrobacillosis**?
(calf diptheria)
**TQ**
* 2° to trauma/damage
* *Fusobacterium necrophorum*
* Gram (-)
* potent toxins→ulcerative gingivitis (grey-tan)
61
Pathology of **actinobacillosis**?
(wooden tongue)
**TQ**
* 2° to trauma/damage
* *Actinobacillus lignieresii*
* Gram (-)
* goes to regional lymph nodes
* chronic granulomatous inflammation w/ fibrosis
* rigid tongue
62
Pathology of **Actinomycosis**?
| (lumpy jaw)
* 2°to trauma/damage
* *Actinomyces bovis*
* Gram (-)
* sulfur granules
* granulomatous inflammation (mandible) → destruction of bone
63
What is **fungal stomatitis** caused by?
Thrush = *Candida albicans* (commensal)
64
Pathology of **thrush**?
* 2° to immonocomp/prolonged antibiotics/ hyperglycemia
* overgrowth→greyish, pseudomembrane on tongue and esophagus
65
What animals get **gingival hyperplasia**?
TX?
Ddx?
* Middle-old aged Brachycephalic breeds
* Surgical removal
* Must distinguish from Epulis (oral tumor)
66
What percentage of alimentary tumors are oral neoplasms?
75%
67
What causes papillomas and in what species are they most common?
* Papilloma virus
* Dogs: \< 1 year
* Young horses (he doesn't say that but it's TRUE!)
68
What is the appearance and pathology of papillomas?
* Cauliflower to papillary shaped warts
* Small in # most are benign
* They regress spontaneouly leaving long lasting immunity
69
What is the pathology of **melanoma** and
what species is it most common in?
* Common in older dogs
* **Very aggressive--\>90% malignant**
70
What is the pathology of **SCC**?
* Can metastasize
* ALL are Locally invasive
* Can involve bone
71
What species get **SCC**?
* **Felines**: 60% of oral tumors
* Tongue
* **Dogs**: Tonsils & metastasis from other sites
72
Pathology of **fibrosarcoma**?
Who gets most often?
**TQ**
* Can involve bone
* **Felines** → 20% of oral tumors
73
**Plasmacytoma** pathology
| (Oral Plasma Cell Tumor)
* Can occur anywhere in the oral cavity
* Looks aggressive histologically but it's not
* Locally invasive
* NO metastasis
74
What is **Epulis**?
* Gingival tumor → Firm, grey/pink
* Locally invasive
75
Pathology of **Fibromatous epulis**?
**TQ**
* Stromal - **arise from periodontal ligament**
* **Benign**
* Dosen't invade bone
* Clinically indistinguishable from gingival hyperplasia
* Carnassial & canine teeth of brachycephalic breed
76
Pathology of **Acanthomatous Epulis**?
* Epithelial
* **Malignant**
* Will invade bone
* Will reoccur after removal
* need to differentiate from SCC
77
What are the 2 types of **dental oral neoplasms**?
* Ameloblastoma
* Odontoma
78
What is the etiology of **Ameloblastomas**?
* Adult Dogs
* Epithelial ameloblasts from enamel organ
* **Locally invasive with bone destruction**
79
What is the occurence & pathology of **odontoma**?
* **Rare** - occurs in immature animals
* originates in enamel organ and contains dentin and enamel
80
Pathology of **tonsilitis**?
Inflammation of tonsils via oropharynx or blood stream
(NOT via lymphatics)
81
What are the **neoplasms of tonsils**?
* Lymphoma
* SCC (Dogs)
82
# Define **Ptylism**
excessive salivation
83
Define **Aptylism**
reduced or no salivation
84
What are **sialoliths (salivary caculi)?**
RARE
* 2° inflammation of salivary gland
* Sloughed cells & inflammatory cells form a NIDUS → can block the salivary gland
* Hard, chalky & white to yellow concretions of Ca2+ phosphate
* Painful
85
What are **sialoadentitis** and what is the etiology?
* Inflammation of the salivary glands
* Caused by:
* Rabies
* Strangles (strep equi)
* Canine distemper
* hypovitaminosis A
86
Pathophysiology of **dilation of slivary ducts**?
2 Results?
**TQ**
* 2° to obstruction
* **Ranula** = dilation of sublingual salivary duct
* **Salivary mucocele** = ruptured or torn salivary duct
* 2° to trauma w/ bloody salivary secretions
87
What is the etiology/pathology of **salivary duct infarction**?
* Unknown etiology
* **Usually unilateral**
* Grossly firm & swollen glands
* can be confused with neoplasms
88
What are the **neoplasms** of the **salivary glands**?
* Adenoma & Adenocarcinomas (rare)
* Metastasis to regional LN & lungs
89
What are the functional disorders of the **esophagus**?
* Esophageal Achalsia
* Cricopharyngeal Achalasia
* Megaesophagus
90
What is the pathophysiology of **esophageal achalasia**?
* **Lower** Sphincter dysfunction
* Defective esophageal muscle contractility
91
What is the pathophysiology of **cricopharyngeal achalasia**?
* **Upper** Sphincter dysfunction
* dysfunction of Inhibitory neurons (doesnt relax)
* Difficulty swallowing
* regurgitation
* Aspiration pneumonia
92
What is the pathophysiology of **Megaesophagus**?
(esophageal ectasia)
Problem with peristalsis in the the cervical-mid esophagus leading to dilation.
93
What are the two types of **megaesophagus**?
**TQ**
**Congenital**
* _Idiopathic_ : neruromuscular disorders
* **_PRAA_**: vascular ring anomaly (**Aorta, PA, Ductus Arteriosis) TQ!!!**
**Aquired**
* 2° to damage/inflammation
94
Types of **Acquired Megaesophagus**?
* **Myasthenia gravis→** auto-antibodies
* **Hypothyroidism →** muscular atrophy
* **Toxins** → nerve damage
95
Lesions of **Acquired Megaesophagus**?
* Flaccid→ up to 3x enlargedment
* Regurgitation
* Aspiration pneumonia
* Ulceration
96
What are the 4 types of **choke & their pathology**?
* **Intraluminal →** 2° to foreign bodies →pressure necrosis
* **Periesophageal**- 2° to:
* vascular ring anomalies →PRRA (most common)
* inflammtion
* muscular hypertrophy (terminal esophagus)→ horse
* **Stenosis→**2° to esophageal damage→fibrosis
* **Perforation**
* Cellulitis
* Eso-respitatory fistulae
* Esophageal diverticulum
97
What 4 things cause inflammation of the esopagus (**esophagitis**)?
* Gastric Reflux
* Viral- erosions & ulcers
* Fungus (myotic)
* Parasitic
98
What **Viruses** cause **esophagitis**?
* BVD
* Malignant Catarrhal Fever
* IBR
* Feline Calici Virus
99
What fugus causes **myotic esophagitis**?
* ***Candida albicans***→ 2° to immunosuppresison/prolonged antibiotic use
* ***Phythium insidiosum*** →chronic **pyogranulomatous esophatis (dogs)** →2° fibrosis
100
What are the 4 types of **esophagial neoplasms**?
* **Papilloma** - "wart"
* Cattle
* **SCC**
* Cattle & Cats
* **Fibroma/Fibrosarcoma/Osteosarcoma**
* 2° to *Spirocerca lupis*→dogs
* **Leiomyoma/Leiomysarcoma** →RARE in all species
101
What are the **protective mechanisms** of the **monogastric stomach**?
**TQ**
* Intact layer of epithelial & mucus cells
* Gastric mucus
* Bicarb
* Microcirculation/bloodflow
* Prostaglandins
* inhibits HCl secretion
* stimulates bicard & mucus secretion
* vasoDILATION
* Mucosal immune system
102
What are the two **tumors** that can cause **gastric ulcers**?
* **Gastrinoma** (parietal cell)→ HYPERsecretion of HCl
* **Mast Cell Tumor** →histamine released-→increased HCl
(Both injure epithelium)
103
3 ways the stomach can dilate and rupture?
* **Dogs**
* Acute K9 Gastric Dilation & Volvulus (GDV)
* **Equine**
* Acute Equine Gastric Dilation
* **Gastric Rupture**
104
What is the pathophysiology of acute cainine gastric dilation and volvulus (**GDV**)?
* Deep chested dog→ 2° to large meal/excessive H2O intake→ food swells
* **Clockwise rotation** of stomach (from ventral veiw) causes:
* congestion
* infarction
* splenic enlargement
* ishemia/hypoxia
* acid-base imbalances
* **Will result in cardiac arrhythmia, shock, failure** if don't TX
105
What is the pathophysiology of **Acute Equine Gastric Dilation**?
2° to overeating or excessive water intake→ grain swells
106
What is the pathophysiology of **gastric rupture**?
* 2° to severe dilation
* Usually greater curvature, parallel to omental attachment
* accompanied by muscle tearing, hemorrhage, shock, peritonitis
107
What can cause **gastritis**?
(7)
1. Acute hemorrhagic, gastritis (garbage gut)
2. Trauma (FB)
3. Parasitic
4. Bacterial
5. Fugal
6. Neoplasia
7. Uremia
108
What **parasites** can cause **gastritis**?
* **Equine:**
* Bots
* *Drachia megastoma* →margoplicata region
* *Tricostrongylus* →Morroco leather appearance
* **Cats/Dogs:**
* *Ollulanus tricuspic*
* *Gnathostoma* spp.
* *Physaloptera* spp.
109
What **fungus** can cause **gastritis**?
*Pythium insidiosum*
110
Match the animals with their gastric neoplasia.
* Dog, Cat, Horse, Llama
* Adenocarcinoma
* Gastric Mast Cell Tumor
* Lymphoma
* SCC
* Leimyoma/Leiomyosarcoma
* **Dogs**
* **Adenocarcoma**
* Gastric MCT
* **Cats**
* **Lymphoma**
* **Horse**/Llama
* **SCC**
* Rare in any species
* Leimyoma/Leiomyosarcoma
111
What are the 2 types of **bloat**?
* **1°** bloat → **Frothy**
* Legume bloat
* Feedlot bloat
* **2°** bloat → **Obstructive**
112
Pathology of **Legume Bloat** (1°)?
Lush pastures →
cholorplast proteins stabilize gas bubbles & they don't burst →
gas accumulates in rumen
113
Pathology of **Feedlot Bloat** (1°)?
feed high carbs →get an increase in encapsulated bacT →
their thick capsules increase the vicosity of the rumen fluid→
gas is entraped & builds up
(Increased carbs, decreased roughage = increased gas producing bacT)
114
Pathology of **Obstructive Bloat**?
**2° to the inability to eructate**:
* Choke
* Vagal nerve damage
* Recumbency → cardia of esophagus becomes occluded
115
Lesions of Bloat on Necropsy
## Footnote
**TQ**
* distended rumen
* sawhorse appearance
* marked edema of head & neck
* **Bloat line**
* **Cervical esophagus→ congested**
* **Thoracic esophagus → pale**
* **increased thoracic pressure 2° to increased abdominal pressure**
* Compressed lungs
* Bulging diaphragm
116
When can you DX **Frothy Bloat** on **Necropsy**?
* Best is 1-2 hrs post-mortem
* foam is completely gone 8-10 hours post mortem
117
Pathology & Lesions of **Postmortem Tympany**?
* No bloat line
* postmortem degeneration of all the tissues in carcass
118
Pathology of **Grain Overload** (Engorgement Toxemia)?
High carb intake → Incr. microbe activity & increased VFA production →
rapid drop in pH → change in microbe population →
*Strep. bovis* makes lactic acid →Acidosis & dehydration →
circulatory collaspe & SHOCK
119
Which ruminants are more prone to grain overload than the other species?
New world camelids
| (llamas & alpacas)
120
Lesions of **Grain Overload**?
* large amt of grain in rumen
* dehydration
* low rumen pH
* only if done immediately postmortem
* rumenitis
121
Sequela to **Grain Overload**?
* **Rumen ulcers**
* ***Fusobacterium necrophorum* (2° invader) → sawdust liver**
* **Rumen scars**
* Occasionally see Mycotic Rumenitis due to:
* *Absidia* spp.
* *Mucor* spp.
* *Rhizopus* spp.
122
What parasitic larvae burrow into the rumen causing:
HYPOproteinemia
Anemia
?
***Paraphistomum*** spp.
"Rumen Flukes"
123
List types of **Rumen FBs**.
* **Trichobezoars** → hairballs (from licking other cattle)
* **Phytobezoars** → plant fiber balls
* Rocks
* Sand
* Metal
124
What can be done to help protect the Rumen from damage by Metal FBs?
Use a rumen magnet
125
Pathogensis of **Traumatic Reticuloperitonitis/Pericarditis**?
2° to ingest metal objects ( \> 4cm) →
FB penetrates the reticulum →
reticuloperitonitis, pericarditis, pleuritis/pneumonia →
FIBROSIS → Congested HF
126
2 BacT associated with **Traumatic Reticuloperitonitis/Pericarditis**?
* Trueperella pyogenes*
* Fusobacterium necrophorum*
127
Etiology of **Abomasal Ulcers**?
| (many)
* BVD or Bluetongue (viral)
* Trauma
* Lymphoma
* Displacement/torsion
* Heavy grain feeding @ paturition→ lactic acidosis
* Impaction
* dehydration
* Arsenic poisoning
* Dietary change & stress → calves
128
Pathology of **Abomasal Dilation & Tympany**?
* Young dairy cattle
* 2° to fermentation of high energy products by gas-producing bacteria in the abomasum
129
Etiology of **Abomasal Dilation & Tympany**?
* Calves improperly fed milk or milk replacer
* Inconsistent feeding (once a day only)
* Inadequate water intake
* High energy oral electrolytes
130
Lesions of **Abomasal Dilation & Tympany**?
* Hemorrhage
* Edema
* Necrosis
131
Pathology of **Displaced Abomasum**?
2° to Atony (lack of tone) due to high Grain &/o HYPOcalcemia →
gas buildup → displacement
132
Most common form of **Displaced Abomasum**?
| (75% of cases)
**Left Displaced Abomasusm (LDA)**
ventral to the left
133
Which form of **Displaced Abomasum** can result in **rupture**?
**Right Displaced Abomasum (RDA)**
dorsally displaced
134
What is the **Abomasal Parasite** Mnemonic?
What are the parasites?
**TQ**
**HOT-C**
* ***H**aemonchus contortus*
* ***O**stertagia ostertagi*
* ***T**richistrongylus* spp.
* ***C**oopera* spp.
135
List the 2 **parasites** that damage the **Parietal cells** of the **Abomasum**.
* *O. ostertagi*
* *Trichistrongylus*
136
Lesions of ***Ostertagia ostertagi***?
* Maldigestion
* HYPOproteinemia
* Nodules **→**"Morocco leather"
* Ostertagoisis → mucosal permeability
* albumin leaks out & pepsinogen leaks in
137
Pathology of **Type I Ostertagiasis**
larvae enter abomasum → two molts in 2½- 3 wks →
early 5th stage larvae mature on abomasal surface
138
Pathology of **Type II Ostertagiasis**?
* Type I larvae enter abomasum → environmental conditions suck →
enter **hypobiotic state** (early 4th stage larvae) → can persists for months
* Hot climates → emerge in Fall
* Cold climates → emerge in Spring
139
What 4 agents cause **Mycotic Abomasitis**,
invading vessels & forming "bull's eye" lesions ?
(often 2° to damage)
* *Absidia*
* *Aspergillus*
* *Mucor*
* *Rhizopus*
140
Common cause of **Abomasal 2° neoplasia**?
Lesions?
* **BLV** → Bovine lymphoma
* Whitish-pale,tan cellular infiltrate
141
Where are the **Intenstinal Epithelial Cells**
responsible for **absorption** of nutrients located?
Villi
142
Where are the I**ntestinal Epithelial Cells** that **proliferate** located?
Crypts
143
What do **Goblet cells** do?
Where are they located?
* secrete **mucus**
* crypts & villi
144
What are **M Cells** responsible for?
**uptake of Ags** from the intestinal lumen
145
List the 4 cells types found in the **Lamina Propria** of the Intestines.
* Lymphocytes
* Plasma cells
* MØs
* Eosinophils
146
What are the **natural defense mechanisms** of the Intestines?
* Microflora
* Motility
* Rapid epithelial turnover
* Bile salts
* IgA
* IgM
147
List the 3 **Developmental Dz's** of the **Intestines**.
* Atresia → failure to develop
* Persistent Merkel's Diverticulum
* Megacolon
* Congenital
* Acquired
148
What is the term for failure of the **anus** to develop?
Atresia ani
149
Term for failure of a segment of the **colon** to develop?
Atresia coli
150
Pathogenesis of **Persistent Merkel's Diverticulum**?
## Footnote
**TQ**
remnant of **Omphalomesenteic Duct→** blind pouch → impactions/inflammation
151
Pathogenesis of **Megacolon**?
| (Congenital/Acquired)
* **Congenital**
* failure of neuroblast migration → myenteric plexus doesn't develop
* **Overo Lethal White** (get when breed Overos to each other)
* **Acquired**
* 2° to Colonic n. damage (trauma)
152
List the 6 types of **Intestinal Obstructions**.
* Intraluminal
* Intramural
* Extramural
* Intussusception
* Postmortem Intussusception
* Adynamic ileus
153
Etiology & Pathogenesis of **Intraluminal Intestinal Obstructions**
(6)
w/in the lumen
* **FB** → pressure necrosis
* **Enterolith (fecolith)** → struvite & nidus (horses)
* **Trichobezoars**
* **Phytobezoars**
* **Parasites** → roundworms, tapeworms in young, dewormed animals
* **Impaction** → usually LI of horses
154
Etiology & pathogenesis of
**Intramural Intestinal Obstructions**.
**TQ**
w/in intestinal wall
* **Strictures →** 2° to intestinal injury
* ex. ***S. typhimurium*** **in pigs**
* 1° neoplasms → dogs/cats
* Inflammation → swelling & fibrosis
* Ileum muscular HYPERtrophy → incidental finding
155
Etiology of **Extramural Intestinal Obstructions**.
* Adhesions
* **Lipoma**
* Neoplasia
* Mesenteric fat necrosis → cattle → "We don't know why it happens. It just does!"
156
Etiology & Pathogenesis of **Intussusception**.
* when one intestinal segment invaginates into an adjacent segment
* 2° to intestinal **HYPERmotility** or irritation
* Red-black appearance
157
What does **intussusceptum** refer to?
the trapped segment
158
What does **Intussuscipiens** refer to?
the enveloping portion
159
Lesions of **Postmortem Intussusception**?
* No swelling
* No color change
* Invagination is easily pulled out
160
Etiology & Pathogenesis of **Adynamic Ileus (Paralytic Ileus)?**
* 2° to intestinal **HYPOmotility** → creates a fxnal pseudo-obstruction
* Dilation due to
* Gas
* Intestinal content
161
Discuss the differences btwn **Internal & External Intestinal Displacement,**
which leads to herniation, incarceration & strangulation?
* **Internal** → through a normal opening into the **peritoneal cavity**
* **External** → through the **abdominal wall**
162
What cases **Postmortem Intestinal Displacement**?
Lesions?
* Bacteria → make GAS → distention → displacement
* Rectal prolaspe
* Intestinal rupture
163
Etiology of **Vascular Dzs** of the **Intestines**
* Verminis arteritis, thrombosis, aneurisms
* Volvulus & torsion
* _\>_ 6 hrs of Ischemia
* Reperfusion injury (_\>_ 3 hours of ischemia)
164
Which parastite likes to get stuck in the CRANIAL mesenteric arteries & cause **verminis arteritis,** thrombosis & aneurisms.
## Footnote
**TQ**
***Strongylus vulgaris*** **in horses**
| (4th stage larvae)
165
Pathogenesis of **Volvulus** & **Torsion**?
obstruction → ischemia → infarction
* **Volvulus** → twisting on MESENTERIC AXIS
* **Torsion** → rotation of Tubular organ along is LONG AXIS
* **Renosplenic Entrapement** of LEFT dorsal/ventral COLON
166
What happens to the gut if **6 hrs of ischemia** occurs?
complete infarction → necrosis of gut wall
167
What happens to the gut if **3+ hrs. of ischemia** occurs?
Ischemia → reperfusion → free radical damage to tissues
168
Pathogenesis of **Lymphangiectasis**?
* Dilation of lacteals → increased lymphocytes & plasma cells
* **Congenital**
* lymphatic malformation
* **Acquired**
* 2° to neoplasms, granulomatous dz, or mesenteric dz
169
Clinical Signs of **Lymphangiectasis**
* Diarrhea
* Steattorhea
* HYPOproteinemia
* Ascites
170
4 basics mechanisms of **Diarrhea?**
* Hypersecretion
* Hypermotility
* Increased Mucosal Permeability
* Malabsorption
171
How does ***E. coli*** cause **Hypersecretion** → diarrhea?
secretes an **ENTEROtoxin** → increases **Cl-** secretion
172
Etiology of **Increased Mucosal Permeability** → diarrhea?
* increased pore size
* decreased pore integrity
* disruption of the osmotic gradient
* imparied lymphatic drainage
173
Etiology of 2° **Malabsorption** → diarrhea?
* Maldigestion → pancreas
* Stasis (Ileus)
* Mucosal transport abnormailities
* Necrosis of epithelium→ bacT or virus
174
Which 2 viruses effect the **intestinal villi**?
* Rotavirus
* Coronavirus
175
Pathogenesis of **Rotavirus Enteritis**
affects proximal 2/3 of SI
* enterocyte death→ **shortened villi** → malabsorption/maldigestion
* products produced → **Incr. Cl- secretion** to lumen → H2O follows
* **activation of Enteric NS** → Increased peristalsis
* **Blocks Na+/Gluc transport**
176
What distinguishes **Coronavirus diarrhea** from Rotavirus?
* WORSE
* Affects younger animals
* More virulent
* Longer duration of dz.
177
Agent of **Calfhood Enteritis**?
Coronavirus
178
Pathogenesis of **Transmissible Gastroenteritis of Swine**?
* Coronavirus
* \< 10 d piglets → HIGH morbidity & mortality
* Older piglets → _+_ fever & survive
* Affects **distal 3/4 of villi** → severe loss → **permanent loss of surface area**
179
**Paravovirus** affects what?
## Footnote
**TQ**
* **CRYPTS!!!**
* lymphocytes
* BM
180
Pathogenesis of **Enterotoxogenic *E. coli***
| (ETEC)
* **EXOtoxin**
* Increased Cl- secretion
* Secretory diarrhea
* NO morphological changes
181
Pathogenesis of **Enterotoxemic/Verotoxogenic *E. coli***?
(VTEC)
* **ENTEROtoxin**
* **hematogenous spread**
* Endothelial damage → fluid loss
* Edema
182
Pathogenesis of **Attaching, Effacing *E. coli*/ Enteropathogenic *E. coli***?
(AEEC/EPEC)
* Attached to the brush border
* Decreased enzyme secretion
* Altered tight jxn proteins
* malabsorption, maldigestion & diarrhea
183
Pathogenesis of **Salmonellosis**
* *S. typhimurium*
* **Acute**
* ulcers
* fibro-necrotic lesions
* **Chronic**
* button ulcers
* thrombosis
184
Pathogenesis of ***C. perfringens*** infections?
* commensal
* 4 Toxins → enterocyte degeneration & necrosis → hemorrhage
* High mortality
185
How do drugs cause gastric ulcers?
## Footnote
**TQ**
**Corticosteroids**
* decrease production of epithelial cells & PGF's
**NSAIDS**
* direct damage to mucosa
* inhibit PGF
186
Patholgoy of **Gastric Ulcers** in **Swine**?
## Footnote
**TQ**
hyperkeratosis & parakeratosis in squamous epithelium **surrounding cardia of stomach** → ulcers bleed into stomach
