PassMedicine

Question 1

what are the types of traumatic brain injury

Answer 1

primary

secondary

Question 2

what are the classifications of primary brain injury

Answer 2

focal (contusion/haematoma)

diffuse (diffuse axonal injury)

Question 3

what is a contusion

Answer 3

ruptured capillaries AKA a bruise

Question 4

what is a haematoma

Answer 4

a solid swelling of blood in the tissues

Question 5

what types of intra-cranial haematomas

Answer 5

extradural haemorrhage
subdural haemorrhage
subarachnoid haemorrhage

Question 6

how does secondary brain injury occur

Answer 6

when cerebral oedema, ischaemia, infection exacerbates original injury

Question 7

what is a extradural haemorrhage

Answer 7

bleeding into space between the dura mater an skull

Question 8

what are the common causes of extradural haemorrhage

Answer 8

acceleration-deceleration trauma

blow to side of head

Question 9

where do the majority of extradural haemorrhages occur

Answer 9

temporal region due to fracture of skull rupturing middle meningeal artery

Question 10

what is a subdural haemorrhage

Answer 10

bleeding into the outermost meningeal layer

between dura and arachnoid mater

Question 11

where do subdural haemorrhages commonly occur

Answer 11

frontal and parietal lobes

Question 12

what are the risk factors for subdural haemorrhage

Answer 12

age
alcoholism
anticoagulation

Question 13

what are the features of subdural haeomorrhage

Answer 13

onset of symptoms slower than extradural haemorrhage

gradually increasing headache and confusion

Question 14

what are the features of extradural haemorrhage

Answer 14

lucid interval (improvement in condition) followed by LOC

Question 15

what is a subarachnoid haemorrhage

Answer 15

bleeding between arachnoid and pia mater
usually occurs spontaneously due to ruptured aneurysm
may be associated with head trauma

Question 16

what are parietal lobe lesions associated with

Answer 16

sensory inattention ()
apraxias (inability to perform skilled movements)
inferior homonymous quadrantopia

Question 17

what are occipital lobe lesions associated with

Answer 17

homonymous hemianopia
cortical blindness (visual loss in normal looking eyes)
visual agnosia (inability to recognise everyday objects)

Question 18

what are temporal lobe lesions associated with

Answer 18

wernickes aphasia (this area forms the speech before sending it to brocas area) which results in word substitution but fluent speech
superior homonymous quadrantopia
auditory agnosia (inability to recognise everyday sounds)
prosopasgnosia (inability to recognise faces)

Question 19

what is inferior homonymous quadrantanopia associated with

Answer 19

parietal lobe lesion

Question 20

what is superior homonymous quadrantopia associated with

Answer 20

temporal lobe lesion

Question 21

what is prosopagnosia (inability to recognise faces) associated with

Answer 21

temporal lobe lesion

Question 22

what are frontal lobe lesions associated with

Answer 22

expressive (brocas) aphasia (located on posterior aspect of frontal lobe in the inferior frontal gyrus) with non-fluent, halting speech
disinhibition
anosmia (loss of smell)
inability to generate a list

Question 23

what are cerebellum lesions associated with

Answer 23

midline lesions: gait + truncal ataxia

hemisphere lesions: intention tremor, past pointing, dysdiadokinesis

Question 24

what area is affected in parkinsons disease

Answer 24

substantia nigra of basal ganglia

Question 25

a dilated fixed pupil may indicate lesion to which CN

Answer 25

CNIII

Question 26

uvula deviated away from side of lesion may indicate a lesion involving which CN

Answer 26

CNX

Question 27

loss of the corneal reflex indicates lesion in which CN

Answer 27

CN VII

Question 28

elderly, alcoholic,head injury, insidious onset of symptoms

most indicative of which intracranial haemorrhage

Answer 28

subdural haemorrhage

Question 29

sensory inattention is associated with lesion in which lobe

Answer 29

parietal

Question 30

which artery is associated with contralateral hemiparesis and sensory loss with the lower extremity being affected more than the upper

Answer 30

middle cerebral artery

Question 31

which artery is associated with contralateral hemiparesis and sensory loss with the upper extremity being affected more than the lower

Answer 31

anterior cerebral artery

Question 32

what dermatome responds to genitalia

Answer 32

S2, S3

Question 33

what dermatome responds to the small toe

Answer 33

S1

Question 34

what are common SEs of carbamazepine

Answer 34

P450 enzyme inducer
drownsiness + dizziness
SIADH

Question 35

what does a lesion to the CN X cause

Answer 35

uvula deviated away from the side of the lesion

loss of gag reflex

Question 36

what does a lesion to the CN IX cause

Answer 36

loss of taste (posterior 1/3 of the tongue)