Passmed Paeds Flashcards
1
Q
What is the first line treatment for whooping cough?
A
Oral Clarithromycin/azithromycin (any oral macrolide) - if presents within 3 weeks
2
Q
What is the presentation of whooping cough?
A
Paroxysmal cough, inspiratory whoop, post-cough vomiting
3
Q
How do you diagnose whooping cough?
A
Nasal swab culture for bordetella pertussis, PCR and serology
4
Q
What is intussusception?
A
The invagination of one portion of the bowel into the lumen of the adjacent bowel - usually in the ileo-caecal region
5
Q
When does intussusception usually present?
A
6-18 months
6
Q
What are the clinical features of intussusception?
A
Intermittent abdominal pain, vomiting, bloodstained stool (red-current jelly), sausage-shaped mass in right upper quadrant, target sign on US
7
Q
What is given to neonates to help promote closure of the ductus arteriosus?
A
Indomethacin or ibuprofen (reduce prostaglandin synthesis)
8
Q
What are the clinical signs of a patent ductus arteriosus?
A
Left subclavicular thrill, continuous machinery murmur, collapsing pulse, heaving apex beat
9
Q
What are the initial investigations in a child < 3 months with a fever?
A
FBC, blood culture, CRP, Urine testing, chest radiograph if resp signs, stool culture if diarrhoea
10
Q
What types of hearing tests are used on different ages of children?
A
Newborn - otoacoustic emission testing
0-6months - auditory brainstem response
6-24months - distraction testing
3 years + - pure tone audiometry
11
Q
When is an asthma attack classified as life-threatening?
A
When there is a normal pCO2 - due to reduced respiratory effort as the chest is tiring
12
Q
How does the PCO2 vary in different severity of asthma attacks?
A
Moderate - low PCO2 due to panting -hyperventilating
Severe - low PCO2
Life-threatening - normal PCO2 due to exhaustion
Near-fatal - high PCO2 too tired so hypoventilating
13
Q
What is the first line treatment for constipation in children?
A
Movicol plus advice on diet and fluid intake
14
Q
What are the clinical features of hand, foot and mouth disease?
A
Mild systemic upset, fever, sore throat, oral ulcers, vesicles on the palms and soles of feet (can spread to groin)
15
Q
How do you manage hand, foot and mouth disease?
A
Symptomatic treatment only
16
Q
What is the first sign of puberty in boys?
A
Increase in testicular volume
17
Q
What is the first sign of puberty in girls?
A
Breast development
18
Q
What is the typical presentation of Immune Thrombocytopenia Purpura (ITP) in children?
A
Bruising, petechial rash, following infection
19
Q
What investigations should be done in children with suspected ITP?
A
FBC, Blood film, (bone marrow examination only if splenomegaly, abnormal WBC)
20
Q
What are the signs and symptoms of kawasaki disease?
A
Conjunctivitis, Rash, Oedema/erythema of hands and feet, Adenopathy, mucosal involvement (strawberry tongue)
21
Q
What is the management of Kawasaki disease?
A
High-dose aspirin and IV Ig, regular echocardiograms to look for coronary artery aneurysms
22
Q
What is the main potential complication of a hydrocele?
A
Indirect inguinal hernia
23
Q
What is the cause of a hydocele?
A
Failure of the processus vaginalis to obliterate
24
Q
What are the steps in treating asthma in children?
A
- SABA
- SABA + ICS
- SABA + ICS + LTRA
- SABA + ICS + LABA (remove LTRA if has not helped)
25
A baby is showing no signs of breathing at 1 minute post delivery, it has a heart rate above 100bpm. What is the most appropriate next step in management?
5 breaths of air via face mask
26
What is the APGAR score?
A score used to assess the health of a newborn baby (from 0-10 with 10 being baby in a good state)
27
Which congenital heart condition causes infants to turn blue and occasionally lose consciousness?
Tetralogy of fallot
28
What are the four features of tetralogy of fallot?
VSD, right ventricular hypertrophy, overriding aorta, ventricular outflow obstruction (pulmonary stenosis)
29
What is the most common malignancy in children?
Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia
30
What are the symptoms of ALL?
Anaemia - lethargy and pallor
Neutropaenia - frequent or severe infections
Thrombocytopaenia - easy bruising, petechiae
31
When should an ambulance be called for a febrile seizure?
When the convulsions last longer than 5 mins
32
What is the first line medication for bed wetting in children?
Desmopressin
33
What is the initial management for ADHD?
Watch and wait for 10 weeks to see if symptoms change or resolve.
Then refer to a paediatrician or CAMHS.
34
What is the first line medication used for ADHD in children?
Methyphenidate (dopamine and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor) - S/E: stunted growth, abdo pain, nausea
35
What is the time limit for a simple febrile convulsion?
5 mins (parents are advised to call an ambulance if convulsion lasts more than 5 mins)
36
What is the most common reason for presentation of early onset neonatal sepsis?
Group B strep, from mother to child during vaginal delivery
37
What is the typical presentation for neonatal sepsis?
Respiratory distress, tachycardia, apnoea, jaundice, seizures, reduced feeding, abdo distension, vomiting
38
What investigations should be done for neonatal sepsis?
Blood culture, FBC, CRP, blood gases, urine microscopy, lumbar puncture if concern of meningitis
39
What is the first line treatment for neonatal sepsis?
IV benzylpenicillin with gentamicin
40
What vaccinations are given at less than 6 months?
BCG if risk factors, 6 in 1 - diptheria, tetanus, whooping cough, polo, Hib and hep B (given at 2, 3 and 4 months), Men B, Oral rotavirus vaccine
41
What vaccines are given to babies at 12 months?
HiB, Men C, MMR, Pneumococcal, Men B
42
When is the flu vaccine given to children?
Yearly between the ages of 2 and 8
43
What vaccines are given at age 3-4 in the pre-school booster?
Diptheria, tetanus, whooping cough and polio, MMR
44
What vaccine is given at age 12/13?
HPV
45
What vaccines are given in children aged 1-18?
3 in 1 teenage booster - tetanus, diphtheria, polio, Men ACWY
46
Which areas are typically affected by eczema in a 10-month-old child?
Face and trunk
47
What is the barlow manouvre?
Attempted dislocation of a newborn's femoral head
48
What is the otolani manouvre?
Attempted relocation of a newborn's femoral head
49
Which babies are screened for DDH by ultrasound?
first-degree family history if infant hip problems, breech presentation at birth or at 36+ weeks, multiple pregnancy
50
What is Perthes' disease?
Degenerative condition in children between 4-8yrs. avascular necrosis of the femoral epiphysis at the femoral head.
51
What is the treatment for perthes' disease?
If under 6yrs - observation
cast/braces/surgical management
- most cases will resolve with conservative management
52
In which trisomy is Beta-HCG raised?
Trisomy 21 (it is lower in 18 -edwards and 13 - patau syndrome)
53
When is nuchal translucency thickened?
In any trisomy
54
What is the first line treatment for nocturnal enuresis?
< 5 advice
> 5 enuresis alarm then desmopressin if no help
55
What is the most common organism to cause croup?
Parainfluenza virus
56
What are the typical features of a slipped capital femoral epiphysis?
- loss of internal rotation, hip pain, frog leg, usually in obese boys ages 10-15, can present with acute or chronic symptoms
57
What are the typical features of kawasaki disease?
High grade fever than lasts > 5 days
bright red, cracked lips
strawberry tongue
cervical lymphadenopathy
red palms and soles that peel
58
What is the treatment for kawasaki disease?
High-dose aspirin
IV IgG
Echo for coronary artery aneurysms
59
What is the order for basic life support in children?
Open airway, feel for breathing, give 5 rescue breaths, then start 15 compressions to 2 rescue breaths
60
Which congenital heart defects are cyanotic?
tetralogy of Fallot, transposition of the great arteries, tricuspid atresia
61
Describe the classical presentation of measles
Initial prodrome of cough, coryza, koplik spots (white spots on oral mucosa) before maculopapular rash which starts behind ears and spreads - notifiable disease
62
What is the most common complication of measles?
otitis media
pneumonia, encephalitis also common
63
What is the classical presentation of impetigo?
Vesicles around the mouth that form yellow-crusted lesions. Can be lymph node involvement
64
What is the classical presentation of Parvovirus B19?
Causes slapped cheek syndrome. Viral prodrome, followed by a break for 7-10 days, followed by the erythematous rash over the cheeks. morbilliform rash then appears over the extremities.
65
What is the classical presentation of rubella?
Flu-like prodrome. Pink rash is macular and not usually itchy. Rash starts behind the ears and then spreads to the trunk. rubella is a notifiable disease in the UK
66
What is the classical presentation of chickenpox?
Fever initially, itchy, rash starting on head and trunk before spreading. Initially macular then papular then vesicular, systemic upset is usually mild
67
How is chickenpox spread?
Through the respiratory route
68
How long is someone with chickenpox infectious?
From 4 days before rash until all the lesions are dry and have crusted over
69
What causes respiratory distress syndrome?
Surfactant deficiency
70
What is the typical presentation of neonatal sepsis?
Respiratory distress - grunting, nasal flaring, tachypnoea
71
What is the treatment for neonatal sepsis?
IV Benzylpenicillin with gentamicin
Maintain adequate oxygen, fluid and electrolyte status
72
Which two organisms are more likely to increase morbidity in CF patients?
Burkholderia cepacia and psuedomonas aeruginosa
73
What is the management of cystic fibrosis?
regular chest physio and postural drainage, high calorie diet, vitamin supplementation, pancreatic enzyme supplementation. Ivacaftor/lumacaftor for CF patients who are homozygous for the delta F508 mutation
74
Which vaccination should students starting university get if they have not had it before?
Men ACWY vaccine
75
Which feature of a febrile seizure should prompt referral to paediatrics?
A child still being drowsy 1 hour after a seizure
76
What are the common causes of jaundice within the first 24hrs?
rhesus haemolytic disease, ABO haemolytic disease, hereditary spherocytosis, G-6DP deficiency
77
What is the common cause of jaundice in the neonate of 2-14 days?
Physiological - present in 40% of babies. more common in breastfed babies
78
What are the common causes of prolonged jaundice (14 days +)?
biliary atresia, hypothyroidism, galactosaemia, UTI, prematurity
79
What is the management of a child under 3 with an acute limp in primary care?
Urgent referral to secondary care
80
What are the typical features of scarlet fever?
typically aged 2-6
fever for 1-2 days
malaise, sore throat, strawberry tongue, sandpaper rash - usually on torso
81
What is the management of scarlet fever?
Oral penicillin 10 days (caused by group A strep - pyogenes)
children can return to school 24 hours after starting Abx
Notifiable disease
82
What is the treatment of a mild-moderate asthma attack?
Oral prednisolone and salbutamol via a spacer - one puff every 30-60 seconds up to 10 puffs
83
What is the management of neonatal hypoglycaemia?
If asymptomatic, encourage normal feeds and monitor glucose
Admit to neonatal unit for IV dextrose if glucose < 1 mmol/L or symptomatic
84
What is the most common cause of cardiac arrest in toddlers?
Hypoxia - usually from choking
85
A three year old presents with a Trendelenburg gait (waddling) and leg length discrepancy, what is the most likely diagnosis?
Developmental dysplasia of the hip
86
What causes hand, foot and mouth disease?
Coxsackie A16
87
What is the management of a child with chronic constipation?
Usually a dietary cause - increase fibre and fluids. Can give an osmotic laxative to increase water in stools. Stimulant laxative can be given after stools are soft.
88
What age does the average child start to crawl?
9 months
89
What motor milestones should be achieved by 6 months?
Pulls self to sitting, rolls front to back, lying on back, lifts and grasps feet
90
At what age should children sit unsupported?
7-8 months (refer at 12 months)
91
What age do children typically walk?
13-15 months (refer at 18 months)
92
What age do children typically run?
2 years - can also walk up and downstairs holding onto something at this age
93
What is the treatment for meningitis in children over 3 months?
IV ceftriaxone or ceftotaxime
94
Which fluid is used for fluid resuscitation in shock?
Colloid
95
What is the management for young children with in-toeing? (pigeon toes)
Advise parents to monitor - should resolve by 8-10 years
96
What are the typical features of benign rolantic seizures?
Usually aged 4-12, focal seizure typically involving face, usually at night, EEG shows centrotemporal spikes
97
What is the initial test for coeliac disease?
IgA TTG
98
What are the signs of a life-threatening asthma attack?
SpO2 < 92%, PEV < 33% of best, silent chest, poor resp effort, altered consciousness, cyanosis
99
What are the clinical findings in ALL?
thrombocytopenia, anaemia, neutropaenia
100
What virus causes roseola infantum?
HHV6
101
What is the management of GORD in infants?
Thickened formula, head position up after feeds.
Alginates (gaviscon)
Can give PPI if unexplained feeding difficulties, distressed behaviour, faltering growth
102
What is a Wilms' tumour?
A nephroblastoma - usually presents in children under 5 with an abdominal mass/flank pain/painless haematuria
103
What is the typical presentation of Meckel's diverticulum?
Abdo pain mimicking appendicitis, rectal bleeding, intestinal obstruction
104
What is the classical presentation of epiglottitis?
Rapid onset, high temperature, stridor, drooling, tripod position
105
What are the features of androgen insensitivity syndrome?
primary amenorrhoea, undescended testes causing groin swelling, breast development
106
What are the features of klinefelters syndrome?
tall, lack of secondary sexual characteristics, small firm testes, infertile, gynaecomastia, elevated gonadotrophin levels
107
What features of bronchiolitis necessitate immediate referral to hospital?
apnoea, grunting, RR> 70, O2 < 92%, central cyanosis
108
At what age should a child walk unsupported?
12-15 months
109
At what age should a child crawl?
8-10 months
110
What is the initial management of hischprungs disease?
rectal washouts/bowel irrigation
anorectal pullthrough is definitive management
111
When do you refer for an undescended teste?
3 months
112
A baby is born breach. Barlows and otolanis tests are normal. What do you do?
US hips
113
What are the X-Ray features of Perthes disease?
Flattened femoral head
Between ages 5-12
114
What is Osgood-Shlatter disease?
Seen in sporty teenagers, pain tenderness and swelling over the tibial tuberosity. Relieved by rest, made worse by kneeling and activity
115
What is the treatment of a patent ductus arteriosus?
Indomethacin
116
What is the most common cause of milky vomiting after feeds in infants under 8 weeks?
GORD
117
What is the management of a child <3yrs presenting with an acute limp?
Immediate specialist assessment
118
What is the first line treatment of ADHD in children?
Methylphenidate - in kids over 5. Can cause abdo issues and stunted growth - plot growth every 6 months
119
At what age is child able to refuse treatment?
16 if competent
120
What is beckers muscular dystrophy?
muscular dystrophy that presents usually after 10yrs and is less severe
121
What is the difference between Gastroschisis and omphalocele (exomphalos)?
Gastroschisis is a bowel coming through a hole lateral to the umbilicus
Omphalocele is bowel coming through the umbilicus
122
What are you worried about in a child with a limp and fever?
septic arthritis - refer all kids for same day assessment
123
What is transient synovitis?
Joint pain following a viral infection, usually in 3-6 year olds. Treat with rest and analgesia
124
What are the features of a baby with foetal alcohol syndrome?
IUGR, microcephaly, midfacial hypoplasia, micrognathia, smooth philtrum, microphthalmia, short palpebral fissures, thin upper lip, irritability, ADHD.
125
What are the features of fragile X syndrome?
learning difficulties
large low set ears, long thin face, high arched palate
macroorchidism
hypotonia
autism is more common
mitral valve prolapse
CGG trinucleotide repeat
126
In what two conditions do you not examine a child's throat?
Croup and epiglottitis
127
What is the most common cause of ambiguous genitalia in newborns?
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia
128
What is a management of a child with croup in respiratory distress?
Oxygen and nebulised adrenaline. give dexamethasone
129
What is the treatment for immune thrombocytopaenia in children?
Usually no treatment is required and it resolves on its own - if platelet count is not less than 10 and there is no active bleeding
130
What is the management of whooping cough?
Azithromycin, or clarithromycin if onset of cough is within 21 days, advice only after
131
What is the presentation of androgen insensitivity syndrome?
primary amenorrhoea, little axillary and pubic hair elevated testosterone
132
What is the most common cause of massive painless GI bleed in kids between 1-2?
Meckel's diverticulum
133
What is the initial management of Hirshprung's disease?
Rectal washouts and bowel irrigation
134
When can a child with scarlet fever return to school?
24hrs after commencing antibiotics
135
What is the triad of shaken baby syndrome?
Retinal haemorrhages, subdural haematoma and encephalopathy
136
What types of analgesia do you not give kids with chickenpox?
aspirin - reyes syndrome
NSAIDS - necrotising fascitis risk
137
What hormonal changes are seen in turners syndrome?
high FSH and LH
138
What is the characteristic rash in Juvenille idiopathic arthritis?
salmon-pink rash
139
What is the management of exomphalos and gastroschisis?
Exomphalos should have a gradual repair to prevent respiratory complications. Gastroschisis requires urgent correction
140
What medications should be prescribed following an asthma attack?
salbutamol inhaler, 3 days prednisolone PO
141
What is the presentation of CMV exposure in utero?
hearing loss, low birth weight, petechial rash, microcephaly and seizures
142
What is the chest compression to ventilation ratio in newborns?
3:1
143
Is whooping cough a notifiable disease?
yes
144
What are the features of congenital rubella syndrome?
sensorineural deafness and congenital cataracts
145
What are the features of congenital toxoplasmosis infection?
cerebral calcification, hydrocephalus, chorioretinitis
146
What is the classical presentation of dyskinetic cerebral palsy?
difficulty holding objects due to fluctuating muscle tone and oro-motor issues e.g. drooling
147
At what age are competent children deemed capable of consenting to sex?
13
148
What is the management of faecal impaction?
Movicol Paediatric Plain
Then add stimulant laxative - like lactulose
149
How old is a child who can do a pincer grip?
12 months
150
If a newborn has an abnormal hearing test at birth (otoacoustic emission test) what follow up test are they offered?
auditory brainstem response
151
What is the management of eczema?
emollients - 250g/weeks
topical steroids - applied 30 mins after emollients
wet wrapping - large amounts of emollients covered by bandages
152
What is the classical presentation of intussuseption?
lethargy, vomiting, intermittent crying while drawing knees to chest
recent infection is a risk factor for intussusception, red-current jelly stools
153
What investigations are used for suspected intussusception?
abdominal ultrasound - target or doughnut signs
154
What is the first line management of intussusception?
Air insufflation
155
What might cause a baby to have a tremor?
hypoglycaemia - prematurity
156
What blood glucose level warrants 10% dextrose infusion in a neonate?
< 1mmol/L
or <2.6mmol/L and symptomatic
157
what are macules?
Flat, non palpable lesions <1cm
158
What are papules?
small elevated lesions <1cm
159
5 y/o, 2 weeks ago cough and coryza. now has a maculopapular rash from hairline down and koplik spots?
CCCK - cough, coryza, conjunctivitis and koplik spots
MEASLES
160
What causes measles?
RNA paramyxovirus
161
How long does the child stay of school for with measles?
5 days - notifiable disease
162
What are the distinctive features of scarlet fever?
strawberry tongue, sandpaper rough rash, fever, vomiting, abdo pain
163
What are the key features of rubella?
low grade fever, rash beginning in face and spreading across whole body. suboccipital and postauricular lymphadenopathy
164
What are the features of foetal rubella syndrome?
sensorineural hearing loss, cataracts, congenital heart defects
165
7 y/o, headache, fever, runny nose 1 weeks ago. red rash on face and hands. diagnosis?
slapped cheek disease (parvovirus B19)
166
1 y/o boy, high grade fever for 3 days. rash on trunk that starts on trunk and spreads peripherally, spots on uvula and soft palate (nagayama spots). Diagnosis?
Roseola Infantum
167
What are the symptoms of kawasaki disease?
CRASH and BURN - conjunctivitis, rash, adenopathy, strawberry tongue, hands, fever (>5 days)
168
How often must kids with chicken pox stay off school?
5 days from skin eruption
169
What is the definition of shock?
The inadequacy of circulation to meet tissue demands leading to end-organ damage
170
What is the most common viral cause of meningitis?
HSV-1
171
What are kernig and brudinski signs?
kernig - knee extension is painful
brudinski - neck flexion leads to knee flexion
For meningitis
172
How do you calculate maintenance fluids?
<10kg - 100ml/kg
10kg-20kg - 100ml/kg for first 10kg + 50ml/kg for each 1kg over 10kg
+ 20ml/kg for each 1kg over 20kg
173
What is the max amount of maintenance fluid you give?
2L in girls, 2.5L in boys
174
What maintenance fluids do you give in kids?
0.9% NaCl + 5% dextrose
175
How do you work out replacement fluids?
% dehydration - (well weight-ill weight)/ well weight x 100
fluid deficit = %dehydration x well weight (kg) x 10
give fluid replacement and maintenance
176
How much do you give in resus fluids?
10ml/kg IV bolus fluids over 5-10 mins - repeat up to 40ml/kg
177
What fluids do you give for resuscitation?
0.9% saline
178
How do you work out the rate of influsion?
Total fluid maintenance / 24 to give it per hour
179
A child has swollen legs and eyes, this has happened before and usually self resolves. diagnosis?
nephrotic syndrome - usually minimal change disease
180
What are the features of minimal change disease?
periorbital oedema, leg oedema, SOB, frothy urine, pallor
181
How do you diagnose minimal change disease?
Urine dip and urinary protein:creatinine ratio
182
What are the features of nephritic syndrome?
reduced kidney function, haematuria, proteinuria. usually occurs post strep infection
183
4 y/o m, pain when going for a wee and history of fever. diagnosis?
UTI, pyelonephritis
184
What is the treatment for a UTI in kids?
< 3months - IV cefotaxime
upper UTI - oral cefotaxime/co-amox
lower UTI - trimethoprim/nitrofurantoin
185
What investigations do kids with atypical or recurrent UTIs?
DMSA scan. MCUG scan for vesicoureteric reflux
186
What is the treatment of absence seizures?
ethosuximide
187
What is the treatment of focal seizures?
lamotrigine, levetiracetam
188
When do kids at risk of developmental dysplasia of the hip get ultrasounds?
6 weeks of age
189
what movement is lost in SCFE?
Internal rotation - is painful, so kids in frog legs
190
What do you give kids under 3 months with bacterial meningitis?
cefotaxime and amoxicillin
191
What medication is sued to maintain patency of the ductus arteriosus?
Prostaglandin e1 (prostaglandin = patent)
(NSAIDs to close )
192
What is the management of croup?
single oral dose of Dexamethosone
193
What are the symptoms of croup?
coryzal symptoms followed by stridor and a barking cough
194
What biochemical signs are seen in babies with pyloric stenosis?
hypochloraemic, hypokalaemic, alkalosis (due to persistent vomiting)
195
What are the signs of late/decompensated shock?
hypotension, bradycardia, acidotic (kussmaul breathing), absent urine output
196
What are the signs of early/compensated shock?
tachycardia, tachypnoea, weak pulses, reduced urine output, normal BP
197
What is the management of bacterial meningitis?
<3months. IV amoxicillin + IV cefotaxime
>3months. IV cefotaxime + corticosteroids
198
Meconium Ileus is a common neonatal feature of what condition?
Cystic fibrosis
199
What are the features of rickets?
Aching bones and joints, kyphoscoliosis, bow legged, knock knees, joint widening
200
What investigation is the best for diagnosing necrotising enterocolitis?
Abdominal X-Rays - intestinal gas is seen on X-Ray and dilated bowel loops
201
what is the typical presentation of biliary atresia?
jaundice, loss of appetite and growth disturbance within the first few weeks of life
202
How do you treat biliary atresia?
Early surgical intervention
203
What electrolyte abnormalities are associated with pyloric stenosis?
high bicarb, hypokalaemia and hypochloraemia
204
What can you give in a baby with bad croup/stridor?
Nebulised adrenaline
205
What are the common features of foetal alcohol syndrome?
microcephaly (small head)
short palpebral fissures (small eye opening)
hypoplastic upper lip (thin)
absent philtrum
reduced IQ
variable cardiac abnormalities.
206
When do different cyanotic heart conditions typically present?
first days of life is TGA.
1-2 months of age is TOF
207
What biochemistry results are seen in biliary atresia?
raised conjugated bilirubin
208
What is the gold standard investigation to look for scarring in vesicoureteric reflux?
Radionuclide scan using dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA)
Micturating cystoureterogram is first line
209
When is the heel-prick test typically done?
between the 5th and 9th day of life
210
What kind of vaccine is the rotavirus vaccine?
A life attenuated vaccine given orally - at 2 and 3 months of age
211
What is the management of bilateral undescended testes?
Urgent referral to paeds within 24hrs for endocrine and genetic testing
212
What type of inheritance pattern is haemophilia A?
X-linked recessive
213
What kind of defect causes a continuous machinery murmur at the upper left sternal edge?
patent ductus arteriosus
214
What is the next test offered if the heel-prick test is positive?
sweat test
215
What signs present in children may indicate sexual abuse?
Recurrent UTIs and anal fissures
216
In paediatric life support which pulses do you check?
Femoral or brachial
217
What heart condition is associated duchenne muscular dystrophy?
Dilated cardiomyopathy
218
What is the treatment of threadworms?
A single dose of mebendazole to the whole household
219
What is noonan syndrome?
The same as turners syndrome symptoms but in a boy. Wide-spaced nipples, webbed neck etc
220
What cardio issues do you get with turner's syndrome?
bicuspid aortic valve - which leads to aortic dissection
221
What is the first line treatment of DDH in kids under 6 months?
Pavlik Harness
222
What do you do in a newborn with jaundice?
Measure serum bilirubin
223
What investigation should be used in Meckel's diverticulum?
Technetium scan
