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Chemistry > Particles & Mixtures > Flashcards

Particles & Mixtures Flashcards

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1
Q

Describe a Solid

A
  • Strong force of attraction
  • Close together
  • Fixed position forming regular lattice arrangement
  • Particles vibrate in position
  • Hotter = Vibrate more = Solid expands slightly
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2
Q

Describe a Liquid

A
  • Weak force of attraction
  • Randomly arrangened
  • Free to move
  • Particles constantly moving with random motion
  • Hotter = faster they move = liquid expands slightly
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3
Q

Describe a gas

A
  • Very weak force of attraction
  • Far apart and free to move
  • Travel in straight lines
  • Particles constantly moving with random motion
  • Hotter = faster they move = gasses either expand or pressure increases
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4
Q

Liquid to Gas =

A

Evaporation

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5
Q

Gas to Liquid =

A

Condensation

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6
Q

Solid to Gas =

A

Sublimation

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7
Q

Solid to Liquid =

A

Melting

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8
Q

Liquid to Solid =

A

Freezing

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9
Q

What gas does Aqueous ammonia (NH3) give off

A

Ammonia gas

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10
Q

What gas does Hydrochloric acid (HCL) give off

A

Hydrogen Chloride gas

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11
Q

Describe experiment between Ammonia and Hydrogen Chloride

A
  • White right of ammonium chloride form in glass tube
  • Ammonia diffuses from one end of tube and hydrochloric acid diffuses from the other
  • When meet they react to form Ammonium Chloride
  • Ring forms nearest end of tube where hydrochloric acid was because particles of ammonia are smaller and lighter than particles of hydrogen chloride, so diffuse through air more quickly
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12
Q

What colour is Bromine gas and what do you use it for

A
  • Brown

* Used to demonstrate diffusion of gases

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13
Q

Describe the experiment for Bromine gas and air

A
  • Fill half glass jar w/ bromine gas and other half with air
  • Separate glasses with glass plate
  • When remove glass plate, brown bromine gas slowly diffuses through air
  • Random motion of particles = Bromine will eventually diffuse right through air
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14
Q

Define a Solution

A

Mixture of a solute and solvent that doesn’t separate out

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15
Q

Define a Solute

A

Substance being dissolved

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16
Q

Define a Solvent

A

Liquid it’s dissolving into

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17
Q

Define a Saturated Solution

A

Solution where maximum amount of solute has been dissolved, no more solute will dissolve in solution

18
Q

How is the solubility of Ammonium Chloride affected by temperature

A
  • Add excess ammonium chloride to water in a boiling tube to get a saturated solution
  • Stir, place boiling tube in water bath
  • After 5 mins check solution has reached 25 degrees
  • Weigh Emory evaporating basin, pour some solution in basin
  • Reweigh basin and contents
  • Repeat experiment at different temperatures and work out solubility at each temperature
19
Q

How to calculate the Solubility

A

Solubility = Mass of solid / Mass of Water ( multiplied by 100)

20
Q

What is the Relative Mass and Charge of a Proton?

A
  • Mass = 1

* Charge = +1

21
Q

What is the Relative Mass and Charge of a Neutron?

A
  • Mass = 1

* Charge = 0

22
Q

What is the Relative Mass and Charge of an Electron?

A
  • Mass = 0.0005

* Charge = -1

23
Q

What is the Nucleus?

A
  • Middle of atom
  • Contains protons and neutrons
  • Positive charge
24
Q

What are the Electrons?

A

•Move around nucleus in shells

25
Q

What is the Mass Number?

A

Number above the element symbol

26
Q

What is the Atomic Number?

A

The number below the element symbol

27
Q

What is the Definition of Isotopes?

A

Same number of protons but different number of neutrons

28
Q

Define a Compound:

A
  • Substance made up of two or more different elements which are chemically bonded together
  • Difficult to separate
29
Q

What does it mean if something is Pure?

A

Made up of a single element or compound

30
Q

What is Crystallisation used for?

A

To separate a Soluble Solid from a Solution

31
Q

Describe the test for Crystallisation:

A
  • Place solution in evaporating basin and heat solution so it will get more concentrated and solvent can evaporate
  • Leave solution for week so crystals can form in a dry area
  • Filter crystals so left on filter paper
  • Obtain sample and dry by leaving by window seal
32
Q

What is Filtration used for?

A

Separate an insoluble solid from a liquid

33
Q

What is Chromatography used for?

A

To separate out dyes

34
Q

How does Chromatography separate mixtures?

A
  • Different dyes move up paper at different rates
  • Some stick to paper and some dissolve in solvent
  • Distance dyes travel depends on solvent and paper
35
Q

What is the experiment for Chromatography?

A
  • Draw baseline at bottom of filter paper using a pencil (insoluble)
  • Add spots of different ink to line
  • Role sheet up loosely and place in a beaker of solvent
  • Place lid on top of container so solvent doesn’t evaporate
  • Each dye move up paper at different rate and form spot in different places
  • When solvent nearly at top, take paper out and dry
36
Q

How do you calculate the Rf value for each chemical in Chromatography?

A

Distance travelled by solute / distance travelled by solvent

37
Q

What is Simple Distillation used for?

A

To separate out solutions

38
Q

What is Fractional Distillation used for?

A

To separate a mixture of liquids

39
Q

Describe a test for Simple Distillation:

A
  • Solution heated, solution with lowest boiling point evaporates
  • Vapour cooled, condenses (into liquid), collected
  • Rest of solution left in flask
  • E.g. Pure water from sea water
40
Q

Describe a test for Fractional Distillation:

A
  • Mixture In flask w/ fractionating column on top,heat it
  • Liquids evaporate at different temperatures because of different Bpt
  • When temp of thermometer matches Bpt of liquid w/ lowest boiling point (Bpt) it will reach top of column
  • Condense and go towards flask because column is cool at top
  • When this liquid is collected, raise temp until next one reaches top

Chemistry (10 decks)

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