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Chemistry > Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

Organic Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

What is a General formula?

A
  • Algebraic Formula that describes any member of a family of compounds
  • E.g. CnH2n
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2
Q

What is a Empirical Formula?

A
  • Simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element in a compound
  • CH2
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3
Q

What is a Molecular Formula?

A
  • Actual number of atoms of each element in a molecule

* E.g.C2H4

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4
Q

What is a Displayed Formula?

A

Shows how atoms are arranged and all bonds between them

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5
Q

What is a Structural Formula?

A
  • Shows arrangement of atoms carbon by carbon, attached hydrogens and functional groups
  • CH2CH2
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6
Q

What is a Homologous Series?

A
  • Group of compounds represented by the same general formula - from this work out molecular formula of any member of series
  • Alkanes are homologous series that only contain carbon and hydrogen atoms
  • Molecules in this series contain same functional group
  • Compounds react in similar ways
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7
Q

What is a Functional group?

A

Group of atoms that determine how a compound reacts

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8
Q

What are the Functional Groups?

A
  • Alkenes
  • Alcohols
  • Carboxylic Acids
  • Esters
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9
Q

What is the ending of Carboxylic Acids and give an Example?

A
  • Anoic acid

* Proanoic acid

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10
Q

What is the ending of Esters and give an Example:

A
  • Anoate

* E.g. Ethyl Ethanoate

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11
Q

What is the ending of an Alcohol and give an example?

A
  • Anal

* Methanol

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12
Q

What is the ending of an Alkene and give an example?

A
  • Ene

* Ethene

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13
Q

How many carbons are for Meth?

A

1

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14
Q

How many carbons are for Eth?

A

2

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15
Q

How many carbons are for Prop?

A

3

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16
Q

How many carbons are for But?

A

4

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17
Q

How many carbons are for Pent?

A

5

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18
Q

What is the ending for Alkanes and give an example?

A
  • Ane

* Propane

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19
Q

What to look for if Alcohol?

A

-OH

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20
Q

What to look for if Alkene?

A

C=C

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21
Q

What to look for if Carboxylic Acid?

A

-C = O
|
OH

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22
Q

What to look for if Ester?

A

C = O
|
O - C

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23
Q

What are Isomers and How do you Look for them?

A
  • Same molecular formula but different structural formula

* E.g. differently shaped carbon chains, functional groups in different places, different functional groups

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24
Q

What is Crude Oil?

A
  • Mixture of substances

* Most hydrocarbons

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25
What is the Industrial Process to Separate Crude Oil?
Fractional Distillation
26
What is the Catalyst used in Industrial Cracking?
Aluminium Oxide
27
What is a Hydrocarbon?
Molecule of only one hydrogen and one carbon
28
What is meant by a Saturated Hydrocarbon?
It doesn’t contain a double bond
29
What is a Chemical Test to distinguish between Unsaturated and Saturated Hydrocarbons?
* Add Bromine water to solution * Saturated stays orange * Unsaturated turns colourless
30
What is the use of Refinery Gases?
Domestic heating and cooking
31
What is the use of Gasoline?
Fuel in cars (petrol)
32
What is the use of Kerosene?
Fuel for planes
33
What is the use of Diesel?
Fuel in some cars (and trains)
34
What is the use of Fuel Oil?
Fuel for large ships and in power stations
35
What is the use of Bitumen?
Surface roads and roofs (tarmac)
36
What is meant by Unsaturated Hydrocarbons?
Double or triple bonds between carbon atoms
37
How are different compounds in Crude Oil separated by Fractional Distillation?
* Oil heated until turned into gas * Gas enter fractionating column * In column it’s hot at bottom and gets cooler as you go up * Where Substances reach part of column that is lower then their boiling point they condense into liquid * End up with crude oil mixture separated into different fractions * Each fraction contain mixture of hydrocarbons with similar boiling points
38
What are the Properties of Longer Hydrocarbons?
* High boiling points * Viscous * Condense and drain out of fractionating column early on, when near bottom
39
What are the Properties of Shorter Hydrocarbons?
* Low boiling points * Thinner and pale * Turn into liquid and drain out later on, near top of column where it’s cooler
40
What is Cracking?
* Long chain hydrocarbons split into more useful short chain molecules * Form of thermal decomposition * Produces alkenes
41
What are Alkenes used to make?
Polymers
42
What is the Temperature Condition for Cracking?
600 degrees - 700 degrees Celsius
43
Hydrocarbon + oxygen -
Carbon dioxide + water
44
When you burn fuel what does it release and in what form?
* Releases energy | * In form of heat
45
Why do Hydrocarbons make great Fuels?
* Combustion reaction that happens when burn them in oxygen give out a lot of energy * Reaction very exothermic
46
What is Complete Combustion?
When you burn hydrocarbons in oxygen, the products are carbon dioxide and water
47
What is Incomplete Combustion and what does it Produce?
* Not enough oxygen | * Produces carbon monoxide and Soot
48
Why is Carbon Monoxide Dangerous?
* Combine with red blood cells and stop blood from carrying oxygen around body * Leading to fainting, coma, death
49
What is Acid Rain Caused by?
* A lot of fractions from Crude oil burnt as fuels * When burnt sulfur Dioxide & nitrogen oxides produced * When they mix with water vapour in clouds from dilute sulfuric acid & nitric acid * Rain falls = acid rain
50
What does Acid Rain cause?
* Lakes to become acidic | * Plants & animals die as result
51
How is Nitrogen Oxides created?
* Temperature high enough for nitrogen and oxygen in air to react * Happens in car engines
52
What are Alkanes?
* Hydrocarbons | * Chains of carbon atoms surrounded by hydrogen atoms
53
What is the general formula for Alkanes?
CnH2n+2
54
What are the Names of Alkanes? | Monsters Eat Peanut Butter Politely
* Methane * Ethane * Propane * Butane * Pentane
55
What are Haloalkanes and give an Example?
* Halogens react with Alkanes or Alkenes * E.g. Chlorine & Bromine react with alkanes in presence of UV light = bromomethane (Alkanes) * E.g. Bromine & Ethene react together = dibromoethane (addition reaction) (Alkenes)
56
What are Alkenes?
* Hydrocarbons * Double bond between two carbon atoms * Unsaturated molecules
57
What are the Names of Alkenes?
* Ethene * Propene * Butene
58
What is the General Formula for Alkenes?
CnH2n
59
What is the General Formula for an Alcohol?
CnH2n+1OH
60
What are the Names of Alcohols in Homologous Series?
* Methanol * Ethanol * Propanol * Butanol
61
What is the formula and diagram for Methanol?
``` CH3OH H | H-C-O-H | H ```
62
What is the formula and diagram for Ethanol?
``` C2H5OH H H | | H-C-C-O-H | | H H ```
63
What is the formula and diagram for Propanol?
``` C3H7OH H H H | | | H-C-C-C-O-H | | | H H H ```
64
What is the formula and diagram for Butanol?
``` C4H9OH H H H H | | | | H-C-C-C-C-O-H | | | | H H H H ```
65
How are Carboxylic Acids Formed?
* When alcohols are oxidised using potassium dichromate | * Colour change - green
66
How are Alcohols Oxidised?
* Burnt In enough oxygen, undergo complete combustion * Products are water and carbon dioxide * Alcohol oxidised
67
What happens when Ethanol is Heated with Acidified Potassium Dichromate?
Forms Ethanoic acid H H H | | (Heat) | H-C-C-O-H ~~~~~~ H-C-C=O | | | | H H H O-H (Ethanol) (Ethanoic Acid)
68
How can Ethanol be Produced?
* From Ethene and Steam | * By Fermentarion
69
What are the Conditions for Ethene to react with Steam (addition reaction)?
* 300 degrees Celsius | * 60-70 atmospheric pressure
70
What is the Catalyst is the reaction between Ethene and Steam?
Phosphoric Acid
71
What are the Advantages of making Ethanol by Hydration of Ethene?
* Fast * Continuous * 100% alcohol
72
What are the Disadvantages of making Ethanol by Hydration of Ethene?
* Non-renewable | * Expensive
73
What are the Advantages of making Ethanol by Fermentation?
* Cheap | * Renewable
74
What are the Disadvantages of making Ethanol by Fermentation?
* Only 20% Alcohol * Batch process * Slow
75
What is the Process of Fermentation for making Ethanol and state Conditions for it to work?
* Sugar(glucose) converted into ethanol using yeast * Yeast acts as catalyst * Fermentation mixture at 30 degrees, If too hot enzymes denature * Mixture kept in anaerobic conditions
76
What are Carboxylic Acids?
Homologous series of compounds
77
What are the names of Carboxylic Acids?
* Methanoic Acid * Ethanoic Acid * Propanoic Acid * Butanoic Acid
78
What is the formula and diagram for Methanoic Acid?
HCOOH H-C=O | OH
79
What is the formula and diagram for Ethanoic Acid?
``` CH3COOH H | H-C-C=O | | H OH ```
80
What is the formula and diagram for Propanoic Acid?
``` CH3CH2COOH H H | | H-C-C-C=O | | | H H OH ```
81
What is the formula and diagram for Butanoic Acid?
``` CH3CH2CH2COOH H H H | | | H-C-C-C-C=O | | | | H H H OH ```
82
Ethanoic Acid + Magnesium -
Magnesium Ethanoate + Hydrogen
83
Ethanoic Acid + Sodium Carbonate -
Sodium Ethanoate + Water + Carbon Dioxide
84
How can Ethanoic Acid be made?
* Oxidising Ethanol * Microbes cause Ethanol to ferment * Ethanol oxidised using oxidising agents
85
How can you make Vinegar?
Ethanoic acid dissolved in water
86
Ethanol + Oxygen -
Ethanoic Acid + Water
87
Alcohol + Carboxylic Acid -
Ester + Water
88
How do you make Esters in a Lab?
* Add few drops of concentrated sulfuric acid to a boiling tube from a pipette * Add 10 drops ethanoic acid * Add equal volume of ethanol * Boiling tube in beaker of water on tripod * Heat until boils, after 1 min remove tube * Once cooled, pour into tube of sodium carbonate solution, mix * Layer of Ester form on top
89
What are Esters used for?
* Used In perfumes because smell nice, esters are volatile | * Food flavourings
90
What are Polymers and how are they Made?
Substances of high average relative molecular mass made by joining up lots of small repeating units (monomers)
91
What is Addition Polymerisation?
Lots of unsaturated monomer molecules open up their C=C bond, join together to form polymer chains
92
What type of Molecules are Monomers?
Unsaturated molecule containing a C=C double bond
93
When Polymerisation takes place, what happens to Monomers?
Double bond breaks as monomers are added together to form a polymer
94
What type of Molecule is a Polymer?
Saturated molecule which has | C-C single bond
95
Why are Addition Polymers Hard to Get Rid of?
* Double carbon bonds are very strong and aren’t easily broken * Takes a long time to biodegrade
96
What are Polyesters?
Polymers that contain ester links that join together repeating units
97
What does Condensation Polymerisation involve?
2 different types of monomer
98
How are Polymers made?
* By condensation polymerisation * Monomers react together, bonds form between them, making polymer chains * Functional group react with functional group of another monomer, creating long chains of alternating monomers
99
How do Polymers form?
* Dicarboxylic acid monomers & diol monomers react * Dicarboxylic acid monomers Contain 2 carboxylic acid groups, diol monomers contain 2 alcohol groups * Carboxylic group reacts with alcohol group forming an Ester link
100
How do Biodegradable Polyesters reduce the Polymers Pollutant Effect?
* Biopolyesters broken down by bacteria over time | * They decompose, don’t stay in landfill

Chemistry (10 decks)

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