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Organic Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a General formula?

A
  • Algebraic Formula that describes any member of a family of compounds
  • E.g. CnH2n
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2
Q

What is a Empirical Formula?

A
  • Simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element in a compound
  • CH2
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3
Q

What is a Molecular Formula?

A
  • Actual number of atoms of each element in a molecule

* E.g.C2H4

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4
Q

What is a Displayed Formula?

A

Shows how atoms are arranged and all bonds between them

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5
Q

What is a Structural Formula?

A
  • Shows arrangement of atoms carbon by carbon, attached hydrogens and functional groups
  • CH2CH2
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6
Q

What is a Homologous Series?

A
  • Group of compounds represented by the same general formula - from this work out molecular formula of any member of series
  • Alkanes are homologous series that only contain carbon and hydrogen atoms
  • Molecules in this series contain same functional group
  • Compounds react in similar ways
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7
Q

What is a Functional group?

A

Group of atoms that determine how a compound reacts

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8
Q

What are the Functional Groups?

A
  • Alkenes
  • Alcohols
  • Carboxylic Acids
  • Esters
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9
Q

What is the ending of Carboxylic Acids and give an Example?

A
  • Anoic acid

* Proanoic acid

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10
Q

What is the ending of Esters and give an Example:

A
  • Anoate

* E.g. Ethyl Ethanoate

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11
Q

What is the ending of an Alcohol and give an example?

A
  • Anal

* Methanol

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12
Q

What is the ending of an Alkene and give an example?

A
  • Ene

* Ethene

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13
Q

How many carbons are for Meth?

A

1

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14
Q

How many carbons are for Eth?

A

2

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15
Q

How many carbons are for Prop?

A

3

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16
Q

How many carbons are for But?

A

4

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17
Q

How many carbons are for Pent?

A

5

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18
Q

What is the ending for Alkanes and give an example?

A
  • Ane

* Propane

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19
Q

What to look for if Alcohol?

A

-OH

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20
Q

What to look for if Alkene?

A

C=C

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21
Q

What to look for if Carboxylic Acid?

A

-C = O
|
OH

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22
Q

What to look for if Ester?

A

C = O
|
O - C

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23
Q

What are Isomers and How do you Look for them?

A
  • Same molecular formula but different structural formula

* E.g. differently shaped carbon chains, functional groups in different places, different functional groups

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24
Q

What is Crude Oil?

A
  • Mixture of substances

* Most hydrocarbons

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25
Q

What is the Industrial Process to Separate Crude Oil?

A

Fractional Distillation

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26
Q

What is the Catalyst used in Industrial Cracking?

A

Aluminium Oxide

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27
Q

What is a Hydrocarbon?

A

Molecule of only one hydrogen and one carbon

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28
Q

What is meant by a Saturated Hydrocarbon?

A

It doesn’t contain a double bond

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29
Q

What is a Chemical Test to distinguish between Unsaturated and Saturated Hydrocarbons?

A
  • Add Bromine water to solution
  • Saturated stays orange
  • Unsaturated turns colourless
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30
Q

What is the use of Refinery Gases?

A

Domestic heating and cooking

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31
Q

What is the use of Gasoline?

A

Fuel in cars (petrol)

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32
Q

What is the use of Kerosene?

A

Fuel for planes

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33
Q

What is the use of Diesel?

A

Fuel in some cars (and trains)

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34
Q

What is the use of Fuel Oil?

A

Fuel for large ships and in power stations

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35
Q

What is the use of Bitumen?

A

Surface roads and roofs (tarmac)

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36
Q

What is meant by Unsaturated Hydrocarbons?

A

Double or triple bonds between carbon atoms

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37
Q

How are different compounds in Crude Oil separated by Fractional Distillation?

A
  • Oil heated until turned into gas
  • Gas enter fractionating column
  • In column it’s hot at bottom and gets cooler as you go up
  • Where Substances reach part of column that is lower then their boiling point they condense into liquid
  • End up with crude oil mixture separated into different fractions
  • Each fraction contain mixture of hydrocarbons with similar boiling points
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38
Q

What are the Properties of Longer Hydrocarbons?

A
  • High boiling points
  • Viscous
  • Condense and drain out of fractionating column early on, when near bottom
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39
Q

What are the Properties of Shorter Hydrocarbons?

A
  • Low boiling points
  • Thinner and pale
  • Turn into liquid and drain out later on, near top of column where it’s cooler
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40
Q

What is Cracking?

A
  • Long chain hydrocarbons split into more useful short chain molecules
  • Form of thermal decomposition
  • Produces alkenes
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41
Q

What are Alkenes used to make?

A

Polymers

42
Q

What is the Temperature Condition for Cracking?

A

600 degrees - 700 degrees Celsius

43
Q

Hydrocarbon + oxygen -

A

Carbon dioxide + water

44
Q

When you burn fuel what does it release and in what form?

A
  • Releases energy

* In form of heat

45
Q

Why do Hydrocarbons make great Fuels?

A
  • Combustion reaction that happens when burn them in oxygen give out a lot of energy
  • Reaction very exothermic
46
Q

What is Complete Combustion?

A

When you burn hydrocarbons in oxygen, the products are carbon dioxide and water

47
Q

What is Incomplete Combustion and what does it Produce?

A
  • Not enough oxygen

* Produces carbon monoxide and Soot

48
Q

Why is Carbon Monoxide Dangerous?

A
  • Combine with red blood cells and stop blood from carrying oxygen around body
  • Leading to fainting, coma, death
49
Q

What is Acid Rain Caused by?

A
  • A lot of fractions from Crude oil burnt as fuels
  • When burnt sulfur Dioxide & nitrogen oxides produced
  • When they mix with water vapour in clouds from dilute sulfuric acid & nitric acid
  • Rain falls = acid rain
50
Q

What does Acid Rain cause?

A
  • Lakes to become acidic

* Plants & animals die as result

51
Q

How is Nitrogen Oxides created?

A
  • Temperature high enough for nitrogen and oxygen in air to react
  • Happens in car engines
52
Q

What are Alkanes?

A
  • Hydrocarbons

* Chains of carbon atoms surrounded by hydrogen atoms

53
Q

What is the general formula for Alkanes?

A

CnH2n+2

54
Q

What are the Names of Alkanes?

Monsters Eat Peanut Butter Politely

A
  • Methane
  • Ethane
  • Propane
  • Butane
  • Pentane
55
Q

What are Haloalkanes and give an Example?

A
  • Halogens react with Alkanes or Alkenes
  • E.g. Chlorine & Bromine react with alkanes in presence of UV light = bromomethane (Alkanes)
  • E.g. Bromine & Ethene react together = dibromoethane (addition reaction) (Alkenes)
56
Q

What are Alkenes?

A
  • Hydrocarbons
  • Double bond between two carbon atoms
  • Unsaturated molecules
57
Q

What are the Names of Alkenes?

A
  • Ethene
  • Propene
  • Butene
58
Q

What is the General Formula for Alkenes?

A

CnH2n

59
Q

What is the General Formula for an Alcohol?

A

CnH2n+1OH

60
Q

What are the Names of Alcohols in Homologous Series?

A
  • Methanol
  • Ethanol
  • Propanol
  • Butanol
61
Q

What is the formula and diagram for Methanol?

A 
CH3OH
     H
      |
H-C-O-H
      |
     H
62
Q

What is the formula and diagram for Ethanol?

A 
C2H5OH
     H  H
      |   |
H-C-C-O-H
      |   |
     H  H
63
Q

What is the formula and diagram for Propanol?

A 
C3H7OH
    H  H  H
     |    |   |
H-C-C-C-O-H
     |    |   | 
    H  H  H
64
Q

What is the formula and diagram for Butanol?

A 
C4H9OH
    H  H  H  H
     |    |   |    |   
H-C-C-C-C-O-H
     |    |   |    |
    H  H  H  H
65
Q

How are Carboxylic Acids Formed?

A
  • When alcohols are oxidised using potassium dichromate

* Colour change - green

66
Q

How are Alcohols Oxidised?

A
  • Burnt In enough oxygen, undergo complete combustion
  • Products are water and carbon dioxide
  • Alcohol oxidised
67
Q

What happens when Ethanol is Heated with Acidified Potassium Dichromate?

A

Forms Ethanoic acid
H H H
| | (Heat) |
H-C-C-O-H ~~~~~~ H-C-C=O
| | | |
H H H O-H
(Ethanol) (Ethanoic Acid)

68
Q

How can Ethanol be Produced?

A
  • From Ethene and Steam

* By Fermentarion

69
Q

What are the Conditions for Ethene to react with Steam (addition reaction)?

A
  • 300 degrees Celsius

* 60-70 atmospheric pressure

70
Q

What is the Catalyst is the reaction between Ethene and Steam?

A

Phosphoric Acid

71
Q

What are the Advantages of making Ethanol by Hydration of Ethene?

A
  • Fast
  • Continuous
  • 100% alcohol
72
Q

What are the Disadvantages of making Ethanol by Hydration of Ethene?

A
  • Non-renewable

* Expensive

73
Q

What are the Advantages of making Ethanol by Fermentation?

A
  • Cheap

* Renewable

74
Q

What are the Disadvantages of making Ethanol by Fermentation?

A
  • Only 20% Alcohol
  • Batch process
  • Slow
75
Q

What is the Process of Fermentation for making Ethanol and state Conditions for it to work?

A
  • Sugar(glucose) converted into ethanol using yeast
  • Yeast acts as catalyst
  • Fermentation mixture at 30 degrees, If too hot enzymes denature
  • Mixture kept in anaerobic conditions
76
Q

What are Carboxylic Acids?

A

Homologous series of compounds

77
Q

What are the names of Carboxylic Acids?

A
  • Methanoic Acid
  • Ethanoic Acid
  • Propanoic Acid
  • Butanoic Acid
78
Q

What is the formula and diagram for Methanoic Acid?

A

HCOOH

H-C=O
|
OH

79
Q

What is the formula and diagram for Ethanoic Acid?

A 
CH3COOH
    H
     |
H-C-C=O
     |    |
    H  OH
80
Q

What is the formula and diagram for Propanoic Acid?

A 
CH3CH2COOH
    H   H
     |    |
H-C-C-C=O
     |    |   |
    H   H OH
81
Q

What is the formula and diagram for Butanoic Acid?

A 
CH3CH2CH2COOH
    H   H H
     |    |   |
H-C-C-C-C=O
     |    |   |   |
    H   H H OH
82
Q

Ethanoic Acid + Magnesium -

A

Magnesium Ethanoate + Hydrogen

83
Q

Ethanoic Acid + Sodium Carbonate -

A

Sodium Ethanoate + Water + Carbon Dioxide

84
Q

How can Ethanoic Acid be made?

A
  • Oxidising Ethanol
  • Microbes cause Ethanol to ferment
  • Ethanol oxidised using oxidising agents
85
Q

How can you make Vinegar?

A

Ethanoic acid dissolved in water

86
Q

Ethanol + Oxygen -

A

Ethanoic Acid + Water

87
Q

Alcohol + Carboxylic Acid -

A

Ester + Water

88
Q

How do you make Esters in a Lab?

A
  • Add few drops of concentrated sulfuric acid to a boiling tube from a pipette
  • Add 10 drops ethanoic acid
  • Add equal volume of ethanol
  • Boiling tube in beaker of water on tripod
  • Heat until boils, after 1 min remove tube
  • Once cooled, pour into tube of sodium carbonate solution, mix
  • Layer of Ester form on top
89
Q

What are Esters used for?

A
  • Used In perfumes because smell nice, esters are volatile

* Food flavourings

90
Q

What are Polymers and how are they Made?

A

Substances of high average relative molecular mass made by joining up lots of small repeating units (monomers)

91
Q

What is Addition Polymerisation?

A

Lots of unsaturated monomer molecules open up their C=C bond, join together to form polymer chains

92
Q

What type of Molecules are Monomers?

A

Unsaturated molecule containing a C=C double bond

93
Q

When Polymerisation takes place, what happens to Monomers?

A

Double bond breaks as monomers are added together to form a polymer

94
Q

What type of Molecule is a Polymer?

A

Saturated molecule which has

C-C single bond

95
Q

Why are Addition Polymers Hard to Get Rid of?

A
  • Double carbon bonds are very strong and aren’t easily broken
  • Takes a long time to biodegrade
96
Q

What are Polyesters?

A

Polymers that contain ester links that join together repeating units

97
Q

What does Condensation Polymerisation involve?

A

2 different types of monomer

98
Q

How are Polymers made?

A
  • By condensation polymerisation
  • Monomers react together, bonds form between them, making polymer chains
  • Functional group react with functional group of another monomer, creating long chains of alternating monomers
99
Q

How do Polymers form?

A
  • Dicarboxylic acid monomers & diol monomers react
  • Dicarboxylic acid monomers Contain 2 carboxylic acid groups, diol monomers contain 2 alcohol groups
  • Carboxylic group reacts with alcohol group forming an Ester link
100
Q

How do Biodegradable Polyesters reduce the Polymers Pollutant Effect?

A
  • Biopolyesters broken down by bacteria over time

* They decompose, don’t stay in landfill

Chemistry (10 decks)

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