Organic Chemistry Flashcards
What is a General formula?
- Algebraic Formula that describes any member of a family of compounds
- E.g. CnH2n
What is a Empirical Formula?
- Simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element in a compound
- CH2
What is a Molecular Formula?
- Actual number of atoms of each element in a molecule
* E.g.C2H4
What is a Displayed Formula?
Shows how atoms are arranged and all bonds between them
What is a Structural Formula?
- Shows arrangement of atoms carbon by carbon, attached hydrogens and functional groups
- CH2CH2
What is a Homologous Series?
- Group of compounds represented by the same general formula - from this work out molecular formula of any member of series
- Alkanes are homologous series that only contain carbon and hydrogen atoms
- Molecules in this series contain same functional group
- Compounds react in similar ways
What is a Functional group?
Group of atoms that determine how a compound reacts
What are the Functional Groups?
- Alkenes
- Alcohols
- Carboxylic Acids
- Esters
What is the ending of Carboxylic Acids and give an Example?
- Anoic acid
* Proanoic acid
What is the ending of Esters and give an Example:
- Anoate
* E.g. Ethyl Ethanoate
What is the ending of an Alcohol and give an example?
- Anal
* Methanol
What is the ending of an Alkene and give an example?
- Ene
* Ethene
How many carbons are for Meth?
1
How many carbons are for Eth?
2
How many carbons are for Prop?
3
How many carbons are for But?
4
How many carbons are for Pent?
5
What is the ending for Alkanes and give an example?
- Ane
* Propane
What to look for if Alcohol?
-OH
What to look for if Alkene?
C=C
What to look for if Carboxylic Acid?
-C = O
|
OH
What to look for if Ester?
C = O
|
O - C
What are Isomers and How do you Look for them?
- Same molecular formula but different structural formula
* E.g. differently shaped carbon chains, functional groups in different places, different functional groups
What is Crude Oil?
- Mixture of substances
* Most hydrocarbons
What is the Industrial Process to Separate Crude Oil?
Fractional Distillation
What is the Catalyst used in Industrial Cracking?
Aluminium Oxide
What is a Hydrocarbon?
Molecule of only one hydrogen and one carbon
What is meant by a Saturated Hydrocarbon?
It doesn’t contain a double bond
What is a Chemical Test to distinguish between Unsaturated and Saturated Hydrocarbons?
- Add Bromine water to solution
- Saturated stays orange
- Unsaturated turns colourless
What is the use of Refinery Gases?
Domestic heating and cooking
What is the use of Gasoline?
Fuel in cars (petrol)
What is the use of Kerosene?
Fuel for planes
What is the use of Diesel?
Fuel in some cars (and trains)
What is the use of Fuel Oil?
Fuel for large ships and in power stations
What is the use of Bitumen?
Surface roads and roofs (tarmac)
What is meant by Unsaturated Hydrocarbons?
Double or triple bonds between carbon atoms
How are different compounds in Crude Oil separated by Fractional Distillation?
- Oil heated until turned into gas
- Gas enter fractionating column
- In column it’s hot at bottom and gets cooler as you go up
- Where Substances reach part of column that is lower then their boiling point they condense into liquid
- End up with crude oil mixture separated into different fractions
- Each fraction contain mixture of hydrocarbons with similar boiling points
What are the Properties of Longer Hydrocarbons?
- High boiling points
- Viscous
- Condense and drain out of fractionating column early on, when near bottom
What are the Properties of Shorter Hydrocarbons?
- Low boiling points
- Thinner and pale
- Turn into liquid and drain out later on, near top of column where it’s cooler
What is Cracking?
- Long chain hydrocarbons split into more useful short chain molecules
- Form of thermal decomposition
- Produces alkenes