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history > part two: life in elizabethan times > Flashcards

part two: life in elizabethan times Flashcards

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1
Q

what were the reasons for the rise of the gentry?

A
  • tudor’s suspicion of ‘old’ nobility: they’d deliberately marginalised nobles, who they saw as threat, by granting very few new titles & excluding from gov. left vacuum which gentry filled & became v powerful politically. cecil, walsingham, hatton came from gentry class. gentry dominated HoC, gained power locally thru work as Justices of the Peace
  • dissolution of monasteries by henry vii: monasteries had owned ab 1/4 of all land in england, dissolution made more land available 2 buy than ever before
  • increasing wealth: growth in trade & exploration, 2gether w pop. growth, rising prices & enclosure, helped many gentry families 2 make their fortunes. therefore able 2 use money to establish estates, build grand houses, educate selves
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2
Q

what achievements of E’s reign did the gentry’s money help to fuel?

A

the cultural achievements - gentry keen 2 sponsor architectural, artistic, intellectual & literary endeavours; this helped 2 affirm their new status in society

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3
Q

what were the typical male fashion items?

A
  • doublet
  • woollen/silk stockings
  • trunk-hose (padded out w horse hair 2 make bulges & cut in strips 2 give two-tone effect)
  • jerkin
  • ruff
  • shoes (leather w cork soles)
  • hat
  • cloak
  • sword
  • beard
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4
Q

tf is a doublet

A

a long sleeved silk or satin shirt w ruffles at end

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5
Q

what is a jerkin

A

a colourful velvet jacket decorated w embroidery, fastened up the front w buttons

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6
Q

what were the female fashion items?

A
  • farthingale
  • ruff
  • undergown
  • gown
  • over-gown
  • dyed hair w false hair piled on top
  • heavy white makeup
  • blackened teeth
  • shoes (embroidered silk or velvet or light spanish leather)
  • small hat (designed 2 show off much hair as possible)
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7
Q

what did an undergown look like

A

made of silk or satin and heavily patterned and embroidered, w side sleeves w ruffles at end

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8
Q

what did a gown look like

A

satin or velvet, sleeveless, slashed to show the undergown through it

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9
Q

what did an overgown look like

A

a cape w armholes 4 cold weather or going outside

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10
Q

what was a farthingale

A

a petticoat w wooden hoops sewn into it

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11
Q

what did the sumptuary laws do, and when were they passed

A
  • called the statutes of apparel
  • strictly controlled clothes people allowed 2 wear depending on social rank
  • 1574
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12
Q

what were some key architectural changes?

A
  • houses now built to show off wealth, designed 2 amaze all who saw them in terms of scale and style
  • intricate chimney stacks
  • leaded glass in large mullioned windows
  • decorative gardens
  • shape was symmetrical
  • long galleries
  • intricate designs
  • much bigger
  • interior rooms now very light due to extensive use of glass
  • bedrooms placed upstairs 4 1st time
  • separate rooms
  • houses far more comfortable than b4
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13
Q

what was elizabethan architecture influenced by?

A

italian renaissance architecture from places such as florence

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14
Q

what was the period of the building boom & development of new ideas in architecture called?

A

the Great Rebuilding

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15
Q

what did the changes in architecture show?

A
  • wealth & stability of the era
  • strong government - no longer had 2 include defensive features, e.g. moats & drawbridges
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16
Q

who was the leading architect, and which famous elizabethan houses did he design/build?

A
  • Robert Smythson
  • Longleat House (Wiltshire) & Hardwick Hall (Derbyshire)
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17
Q

what were the new houses often made of?

A

depends what was available locally, but often either stone or brick

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18
Q

elizabethan houses were very different from previous ______ styles

A

gothic

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19
Q

what was the long gallery on the upper floor used for?

A

entertainment & displaying art collections

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20
Q

true or false: the houses were far more comfortable than before

A

true

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21
Q

why were the houses more comfortable?

A
  • decorative plasterwork ceilings
  • oak panelled walls
  • impressive fireplaces (also kept more than just ground floor warm due to chimneys)
  • tapestries
  • libraries
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22
Q

why was theatre popular?

A
  • affordable
  • not just about play: could also buy food/drink, socialise, network for business, & meet prospective husbands/wives
  • fun
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23
Q

what were the changes in the attitudes towards theatre?

A
  • when E became queen, no theatres in country
  • just mystery and miracle plays, based on bible stories & lives of saints, but not performed in permanent theatres
  • government didn’t like actors - thought to be threat 2 law & order, acting not respectable profession, no more than beggars
  • 1572: parliament passed law, actors punished as vagabonds, but also in same year law requiring all bands of actors 2 be licensed
  • 4 yrs later (1576) first purpose built London theatre opened
  • many more theatres opened after this
  • by end of E’s reign 7 major theatres in London, 40 companies of actors
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24
Q

what year did parliament pass a law saying actors were to be punished as vagabonds?

A

1572

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25
Q

what year did parliament pass a law requiring all bands of actors to be licensed, and what were the (unexpected) effects of this?

A
  • 1572
  • law brought in bc of gov. suspicion
  • but encouraged actor companies 2 organise selves
  • 4 yrs later 1st purpose built theatre in london opened (The Theatre)
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26
Q

what was the first purpose built theatre called and when did it open?

A

The Theatre, 1576

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27
Q

what other theatres opened after The Theatre, and when?

A
  • 1577: The Curtain
  • 1587: The Rose
  • 1596: The Swan
  • 1599: The Globe

by end of E’s reign, 7 major theatres in London

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28
Q

what were mystery and miracle plays?

A
  • based on bible stories & lives of saints
  • had been popular since middle ages
  • performed on temporary platforms in open places such as market squares & inn yards, not in permanent theatres
  • groups of actors would tour country 2 perform, but gov. didn’t like them
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29
Q

what religious group strongly disapproved of theatre, and why?

A

puritans, associated it w Ancient Romans & thought it was the work of the devil

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30
Q

when did the earthquake strike the south coast of england, and what did people consider it to be?

A
  • 1580
  • a sign of gods anger at the theatre
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31
Q

where were theatres located?

A
  • outside city walls, due to authorities opposition to them
  • most in Bankside district in Southwark, on South Bank of Thames
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32
Q

what was the reputation of the area where the theatres usually were?

A
  • bad
  • lots of taverns, bear-baiting rings, pickpockets, brothels
  • crime common in area
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33
Q

what was the design of Elizabethan theatres influenced by?

A
  • the earlier informal performance of plays in inn yard and marketplaces
  • so made up of uncovered circular pit w surrounding covered galleries
  • also similar in design 2 bear baiting pits, so unsuccessful theatres could be converted easily
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34
Q

what time were plays always staged?

A

afternoon (no artificial light)

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35
Q

what did the flag and trumpet in the theatre do?

A

flag signalled a performance that day, trumpet signalled start of play

36
Q

what was the ‘tiring house’ (theatre)?

A

hectic area behind the stage, where actors would dress in costumes & collect props

37
Q

how was the rigid social order upheld inside the theatre?

A
  • cheapest tickets for ‘the pit’/‘yard’, audience (‘groundlings’) stood in noisy & smelly conditions, exposed 2 weather
  • more expensive (2 or 3 pennies) 2 watch from 3-tiered galleries, which offered seating & thatched roof providing protection from weather
  • for extra penny, cushion provided 2 sit on
  • richest audience members watch from ‘Lord’s room’ above stage, or even sit on stage itself
38
Q

what were some successful Elizabethan playwrights?

A
  • Ben Jonson
  • Thomas Kyd
  • Thomas Dekker
  • Christopher Marlowe
  • William Shakespeare
39
Q

what were ‘the heavens’ and ‘the hut’ in the theatre?

A

area of theatre above stage, directed special effects

hut provided storage space

40
Q

how did the themes of the plays reflect the interests of Elizabethans?

A

because the themes were violence, romance, magic, the ancient world, exploration, patriotism

41
Q

how were plays political?

A
  • some contained subtle messages designed 2 flatter E & support her position
  • carefully censored 2 not be too controversial or make obvious references 2 politicians of the time
  • Shakespeare’s plays often emphasise heirachy & orderliness - GCoB
  • and triumph of good over evil is common moral
  • this all suited E & her gov. very well
42
Q

what were paupers?

A

people who were unemployed and relied on charity to survive - this meant begging or going to the local church for help

43
Q

how did the actions of previous monarchs contribute to the problem of poverty in elizabethan england?

A
  • henry VII limited right of nobles to hold private armies, fearing they’d be threat to throne. this left many soldiers w/o work
  • The Reformation under Henry VIII led to closure of monasteries. monks, nuns, other church employees left w nowhere to live or work
  • closure of monasteries also left sick & poor w no one to care for them
  • economic problems under henry VIII & edward VI led to collapse of cloth trade & loss of many jobs
44
Q

how did changes in agriculture contribute to the problem of poverty in elizabethan england?

A
  • bad harvests between 1594-1598 led 2 food shortages & starvation in parts of england, also increased prices of food - led to inflation
  • increasing numbers of landlords began 2 keep sheep on land instead of growing crops (enclosure) - fewer workers needed
  • many unemployed farm workers headed 2 towns & cities in search of employment, not enough jobs to go around
45
Q

how did the population increase contribute to the problem of poverty in elizabethan england?

A
  • england pop. 2.8 million —> 4 million
  • shortage of places to live gave power to landlords who increased rents (rack renting)
46
Q

during elizabeth’s reign, england’s pop. went from ___ _______ to _ _______

A

2.8 million to 4 million

47
Q

when was the flu outbreak and how many people did it kill?

A
  • 1556
  • 200,000, incl. many farm workers (contributed to poverty)
48
Q

what were the attitudes and responses to the deserving poor?

A
  • GCoB made clear 2 many nobles that they’re simply ‘better’ than poor
  • many believed it’s their duty 2 help those below them in society
  • they recognised that many paupers couldn’t help their situation & weren’t to blame for their poverty
  • charities for the poor grew & almshouses established
49
Q

what were the attitudes and responses to the undeserving poor?

A
  • some paupers seen as undeserving, untrustworthy beggars who has no interest in honest work
  • ‘Warning Against Vagabonds’ by thomas harman, published 1567, encouraged view that many poor people merely confidence tricksters or criminals. others seen as being idle/lazy
50
Q

when was ‘warning against vagabonds’ published, and who wrote it?

A

1567, Thomas Harman

51
Q

when were there bad harvests?

A

between 1594 and 1598

52
Q

what did ‘The Counterfeit Crank’ do?

A

bit soap so that he frothed at the mouth, people would feel sympathy and give him money

53
Q

what did the ‘Baretop Trickster’ do?

A

they were women who’d trick men into following them by removing clothing; the men would then be beaten & robbed by her accomplices

54
Q

what would the ‘Clapper Dudgeon’ do?

A

cut himself & tie dirty bandages around the wounds to gain sympathy

55
Q

what would ‘Tom O’Bedlam’ do?

A

a beggar who’d pretend to be mad, e.g. stick a chicken’s head in his ear or bark like a dog

56
Q

how were beggars dealt with from 1495?

A

they were punished in the stocks or sent back to their home towns

57
Q

how were beggars dealt with from 1531?

A
  • publicly whipped
  • those caught a 2nd time would have hole burned in their ear
  • caught 3rd time would mean they’re hanged
58
Q

true or false: the laws made in 1495 and 1531 which were passed to deal with poverty remained in place for most of E’s reign

A

true

59
Q

when was the ‘Act for setting the poor on work’ passed, and what did it do?

A

1576, placed responsibility of poor people on local authorities

60
Q

how did london deal with the poor?

A
  • Bridewell Palace used as shelter for the homeless
  • Bedlam hospital built to house the mentally ill
  • other hospitals opened for the sick & for orphans
  • conditions in all these institutions were poor & couldn’t cope with growing numbers coming to the city
61
Q

how did york deal with poverty?

A
  • 1515: city authority issued beggar licenses, with a badge to identify holders
  • from 1528: Master Beggar appointed to keep others in order
  • if beggars refused to work they’d be sent to House of Correction
62
Q

how did ipswich deal with poverty?

A
  • introduced licensing system for beggars from 1569
  • opened hospital specifically to help the old and sick
  • a youth training scheme was introduced to help children learn a trade & escape poverty
63
Q

how did norwich deal with poverty?

A
  • after survey showed that 80% of pop. lived in poverty in 1570, city authorities separated poor into ‘idle poor’ and ‘unfortunate poor’
  • ‘idle poor’ given work such as knitting or sewing
  • ‘unfortunate poor’ given food or other forms of care
  • rich citizens taxed to pay for care of the vulnerable
64
Q

when was the first ever Poor Law introduced?

A

1601

65
Q

what did the 1601 poor law do?

A

stated that:
- the wealthy should be taxed to pay for care of sick & vulnerable
- fit & healthy paupers should be given work
- those who refused to work were still dealt w harshly: they could be whipped or placed in a House of Correction

66
Q

what were the three groups that the poor were categorised into in the 1601 poor law?

A
  • the helpless poor (sick and old): given food & accommodation
  • the able bodied poor (those considered fit): had to work in exchange for food
  • the idle poor: punished & sent to a House of Correction
67
Q

how effective was the Poor Law?

A
  • did make difference to some
  • not properly enforced in many areas
  • begging seemed 2 decrease
    —> may have been due 2 threat of House of Correction rather than extra help available
68
Q

why do some historians argue that the Poor Law was unsuccessful?

A

it made each area responsible for its own paupers; some simply sent from 1 places to another w/o receiving any help

69
Q

what other countries played a major role in exploring the world?

A

spain and portugal

70
Q

which sailors helped increase englands wealth & power w their voyages?

A
  • Sir Francis Drake
  • Sir Walter Raleigh
  • John Hawkins
71
Q

what year did Drake complete the first circumnavigation of the world in a single expedition?

A

between 1577-1580

72
Q

what were the stages of Drake’s circumnavigation of the world?

A
  1. dec 1577: he takes 5 ships 2 raid spanish ports in the americas
  2. june-july 1578: responds 2 rumour of mutiny by executing Thomas Doughty, his former friend
  3. sept 1578: sails through Straits of Magellan, first englishman 2 do so, storm destroys 1 ship & blows others off course
  4. remaining ships sail up coast & raid number of spanish ports
  5. june 1579: with just own ship remaining, lands in North America & claims it for E
  6. march-june 1580: navigates dangerous Cape of Good Hope
  7. 26 sept: returns to Plymouth, knighted on board ship the ‘golden hind’ by E
73
Q

when was Sir Walter Raleigh given royal permission to explore the americas (the new world, and what would he be allowed to do?

A
  • 1584
  • allowed to colonise any land not ruled by a Christian
  • in return, had to give E 1/5 of all gold & silver he found there
74
Q

did sir walter raleigh sail himself (new world)?

A

no, sent others to explore & establish colonies in New World

75
Q

where was a colony established on the east coast of america, and did it last?

A

Roanoke, no

76
Q

did the second colony created in 1587 succeed?

A
  • seemed like it was going to
  • when colony’s leader returned from trip 2 england, found all colonists gone & word ‘CROATOAN’ (name of local tribe) carved into a tree
77
Q

what advancements made exploration possible?

A

technology: better designed ships much faster due to triangular lateen sail

defences: better weapons such as cannons made easier 2 explore hostile territory

navigation: astrolabe allowed sailors to judge their position, & more accurate compasses made navigation easier

78
Q

john hawkins was a _________ ______ and ________

A

john hawkins was a respected sailor and courtier

79
Q

what was john hawkins responsible for?

A

building up navy & commanding it against the spanish armada

80
Q

what did john hawkins do in 1564?

A
  • kidnapped several hundred west africans, sold them in south america
  • not first example of European slave trade, but was first time whole process had been carried out by Englishman
81
Q

john hawkins was also a __________ _________ and is thought to have brought _______ to england

A

john hawkins was also a successful privateer and is thought to have brought tobacco to england

82
Q

how did raiding spanish ships & ports allow england to gain wealth?

A

allowed riches to be stolen and brought back to england

83
Q

how did trading systems allow england to gain wealth?

A
  • trading systems established from which englands wealth grew over following centuries; new products like spices, silks, porcelain brought to england for 1st time
  • trade w the East in spices & other goods grew as middlemen could now be cut out - english sailors could deal directly w merchants in asia
  • new companies created 2 deal w trade in particular area, e.g. Levant Company dealt exclusively w trade in Turkey & middle east
  • East India Company established in 1600 to oversee trade in india & the far east
84
Q

how did the trade in african slaves bring significant wealth to individuals & england as a whole?

A
  • other englishmen saw how hawkins profited & so became involved in slave trade over following years
  • slave labour enabled raw materials to be produced cheaply in the americas
85
Q

how was england growing in naval power?

A
  • naval power’d been growing under E & was able 2 hold its own in any sea battle
  • improved weapons & tactics, and skilled command of men like Francis Drake, played key role in this
  • english victory over spanish armada showed dominant position that england held
86
Q

was england the first country to build colonies in newly discovered lands?

A

no, and there were several failed attempts
—> but perseverance led 2 inc. numbers of colonies, particularly in north america, being established in name of E and her successors

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