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history > c&t part two: the LoN & international peace > Flashcards

c&t part two: the LoN & international peace Flashcards

1
Q

flashcards for chapter 4 (the LoN, its formation & covenant, organisation, membership & how it changed, the powers of the League, the work of the League’s agencies, the contribution of the League to peace in the 1920s, incl. successes & failures such as Åaland Islands, Upper Silesia, Vilna, Corfu & Bulgaria) are in the part 1 deck - messed it up

A

ok cool

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2
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chapter 5: who was involved in the Locarno Treaties?

A

F & G, represented by their foreign ministers Briand & Stresemann

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3
Q

chapter 5: when were the Locarno Treaties?

A

1925

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4
Q

chapter 5: where were the Locarno Treaties signed?

A

Locarno, Switzerland

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5
Q

chapter 5: what happened in the Locarno Treaties?

A
  • the two enemies agreed to work together peacefully
  • G accepted terms of ToV
  • other countries like B & Italy also signed & each country agreed not to go to war w each other; if 1 country broke the treaties the others would support country that was invaded
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6
Q

chapter 5: why wasn’t the LoN involved w the Locarno Treaties?

A

G suggested the treaties & it wasn’t part of LoN

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7
Q

chapter 5: why were the Locarno Treaties significant?

A
  • seemed as if G was accepting ToV, especially terms about territory, and trying to become peaceful nation
  • relationships between countries, especially F & G, improved - this paved way to G being allowed into LoN
  • LoN should’ve been leading way on such an important agreement, especially since it involved 2 of league’s powerful members: B & F
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8
Q

chapter 5: who was involved in the Kellogg-Briand Pact?

A

65 countries, including G, F & USA

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9
Q

chapter 5: when was the Kellogg-Briand Pact signed?

A

1928

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10
Q

chapter 5: where was the Kellogg-Briand Pact signed?

A

Paris, France

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11
Q

chapter 5: what was the Kellogg-Briand Pact?

A

the countries agreed war wouldn’t be used to solve disputes between them

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12
Q

chapter 5: why wasn’t the LoN involved with the Kellogg-Briand Pact?

A

G & USA not members

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13
Q

chapter 5: why was the Kellogg-Briand Pact significant?

A

the fact that the League not involved made it look like it was place to talk, not for actual solutions, & this damaged its reputation

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14
Q

chapter 5: what happened in the Washington Arms Conference/Naval Conference, and when was it?

A
  • 1921-22
  • major countries like B, USA, Japan & F agreed maximum size of their navies
  • LoN was not the one pushing for disarmament, & countries like B & F attended independently of the League
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15
Q

chapter 5: when was the Washington Arms/Naval Conference?

A

1921-22

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16
Q

chapter 5: what was the Rapallo Treaty?

A
  • G & Russia agreed to work together
  • LoN not involved as neither were members
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17
Q

chapter 5: when was the Rapallo Treaty?

A

1922

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18
Q

chapter 5: summary of diplomacy outside the League?

A
  • LoN should’ve been at forefront of any international agreements that encouraged peace or disarmament
  • however, during 1920s many international agreements signed w/o League, which damaged its reputation
  • while USA, Russia & G not in LoN it meant that it couldn’t be at forefront of international politics, so success would be limited
  • Russia & G did eventually join, but left in 1930s
19
Q

chapter 6: what were the causes of the Manchurian Crisis?

A
  • in 1929, Wall St Crash started the Great Depression. J suffered greatly; its main export was silk, luxury item most ppl couldn’t afford during GD
  • J became more militaristic - gov looked for land to invade, thinking it’d give them more natural resources. Manchuria, in north China, rich in those
  • J already had industry & a railway there so looked like ideal place to invade
20
Q

chapter 6: what were the events of the Manchurian Crisis? (5 points)

A
  • 18 sept 1931: The Mukden Incident: an explosion occurred on J-owned South Manchurian Railway. J blamed China but Chinese denied they were involved
  • Feb 1932: J gov had wanted friendship w Manchuria but army ignored this & invaded it. when ppl reacted positively, gov decided not to stop army’s invasion. soon a puppet leader put in change of Manchuria
  • March 1932: China appealed to LoN, which was reluctant to act: J one of leading members & Manchuria far from Europe, where LoN based, but did issue moral condemnation
  • J ignored LoN, very little LoN could do w/o own army, and members didn’t want to send own armies so far away. economic sanctions would be useless as J’s main trade partner, USA, not part of LoN
  • April 1932: LoN sent British politician Lord Lytton to investigate; took nearly a yr to write his report (published Oct 1932), by which time J had invaded Manchuria. Lytton concluded J in the wrong, but J ignored report, left LoN, & went on to occupy more Chinese territory from 1933-37
21
Q

chapter 6: what were the consequences of the Manchurian crisis?

A
  • 1 of LoN’s own members had ignored its moral condemnation & instructions to withdraw
  • w/o army of its own LoN was powerless
  • however, most ppl continued to have faith in it - thought if similar event happened in Europe then it’d be able to deal w it
  • other militaristic countries like Italy & Germany saw how powerless LoN really was
22
Q

chapter 6: why did the League fail in the Manchurian crisis?

A
  • Lytton Report took far too long; by time it was finished, J in control of Manchuria
  • Depression already damaging world trade & League members unwilling to impose economic sanctions
  • countries unwilling to take military action bc it’d be expensive & unpopular w public
  • Asia far away & not viewed as vital to countries in Europe; as a result, they didn’t want to commit resources to dealing w issues there
23
Q

chapter 6: when was the invasion of Abyssinia?

A

1935

24
Q

chapter 6: what were the causes of the Abyssinian crisis?

A
  • Mussolini wanted to rebuild the Roman Empire, by invading other countries
  • lots of natural resources in Abyssinia, which’d be useful for I during GD
  • 1896: I tried to invade Abyssinia & humiliated when this poor country defeated them - Mussolini wanted revenge
  • he was confident that LoN wouldn’t stop him as they’d backed down to him before during Corfu crisis 1923
  • 1935: B & F signed agreement w I to form the Stresa Front. he didn’t think B or F would endanger new agreement by trying to stop him here
25
Q

chapter 6: what were the events of the Abyssinian crisis? (6 points)

A
  • Dec 1934: I troops clashed w Abyssinians at Wal Wal, LoN failed to stop Mussolini, who was intent on war
  • jan 1935: French foreign minister, Pierre Laval, made secret agreement w I: Mussolini could deal w Abyssinia however he wanted & F wouldn’t interfere
  • 30 Jun 1936: Abyssinian emperor, Haile Selassie, addressed LoN but they did nothing
  • Oct 1935: I troops entered Abyssinia, LoN condemned invasion but Mussolini ignored them & even used chemical weapons
  • *5 May 1936:** I troops entered capital, Addis Ababa
  • Sept 1937: I left LoN
26
Q

chapter 6: why did the League fail in the Abyssinian crisis of 1935? (4 points)

A
  • B & F didn’t close Suez Canal (which would’ve made difficult for Mussolini to get troops to there) bc didn’t want to upset him
  • when LoN imposed trade sanctions on I, failed to ban steel, oil & coal as felt this’d damage their member’s economies - these were resources that Mussolini needed for invasion
  • LoN banned sales of arms to Abyssinia, which left them defenceless
  • Hoare-Laval Pact: secret agreement suggested by B & F foreign ministers. they wanted to give Mussolini land in Abyssinia. pact leaked by press & was public outcry; leading members had proven they were willing to undermine LoN for own self-interest
27
Q

chapter 6: what was the Hoare-Laval Pact & why was it important?

A
  • secret agreement suggested by B & F foreign ministers
  • F foreign minister, Pierre Laval, made secret agreement w I
  • they wanted to give Mussolini land in Abyssinia, Mussolini could do what he wanted w Abyssinia & F wouldn’t interfere
  • pact leaked by press & was public outcry
  • leading members had proven they were willing to undermine LoN for own self-interest
28
Q

chapter 6: what were the consequences of the Abyssinian crisis for the LoN?

A
  • B & F showed they cared more about own interests
  • small countries knew LoN could & would do nothing to protect them. from this time onwards, almost no one regarded LoN as serious or powerful organisation
29
Q

chapter 6: what is evidence from the Manchurian crisis that the LoN collapsed due to the GD?

A
  • J’s main export silk - luxury item people didn’t buy during GD, so J economy crashed
  • J wanted to invade Manchuria bc rich in natural resources
  • gov in J not popular - seizing land in Manchuria made gov appear strong & victories against Chinese took people’s minds off GD
30
Q

chapter 6: what is evidence from the Manchurian crisis that the LoN collapsed due to the lack of an army?

A

when J ignored its warnings, there was nothing they could do

31
Q

chapter 6: what is evidence from the Manchurian crisis that the LoN collapsed due to the economic sanctions not working?

A
  • many members of LoN felt that as USA was J’s main trade partner, economic sanctions wouldn’t have major impact
  • therefore no sanctions imposed on J
32
Q

chapter 6: what is evidence from the Manchurian crisis that the LoN collapsed due to the lack of important world powers such as the USA, USSR & Germany?

A
  • many European powers felt Manchuria too far away to deal w
  • as USA not member, J wouldn’t lose main trade partner if economic sanctions imposed
33
Q

chapter 6: what is evidence from the Manchurian crisis that the LoN collapsed due to B & F dominating the League?

A
  • dominating countries of LoN based in Europe & reluctant to get involved in matter so far away
  • B sent Lord Lytton to investigate for LoN, but took too long
  • his report took many months to write, by which time J had completed invading
  • as one of dominating forces of League, B failed to act w enough speed, which made J’s invasion easier
34
Q

chapter 6: what is evidence from the Abyssinian crisis that the LoN collapsed due to the GD?

A
  • Mussolini came to power promising to rebuild Roman Empire - invading Abyssinia was distraction from what going wrong in I
  • B failed to inflict effective trade sanctions on I - worried banning trade of coal would lead to further unemployment in B
  • lots of natural resources in Abyssinia
35
Q

chapter 6: what is evidence from the Abyssinian crisis that the LoN collapsed due to the lack of an army?

A

Mussolini used chemical weapons on Abyssinians, who were left defenceless by League

36
Q

chapter 6: what is evidence from the Abyssinian crisis that the LoN collapsed due to the economic sanctions not working?

A
  • LoN banned sale of weapons to Abyssinia as well as I; this left their army w only basic weapons
  • F & B failed to ban goods that I would need to invade, e.g. coal & oil
37
Q

chapter 6: what is evidence from the Abyssinian crisis that the LoN collapsed due to the lack of important world powers such as the USA, USSR & Germany?

A

B & F wanted to keep Mussolini on side as they saw him as an ally against Hitler

38
Q

chapter 6: what is evidence from the Abyssinian crisis that the LoN collapsed due to B & F dominating the League?

A
  • B & F both had huge empires in Africa, so Mussolini felt they couldn’t object to him taking colonies there too
  • B & F failed to close Suez Canal, which could’ve halted his invasion
  • Mussolini seen as ally against Hitler, so B & F proposed Hoare-Laval Pact which undermined LoN
39
Q

chapter 6: how did the GD help the rise of extremist parties all around the world? (probably not too important for this part but in revision guide so here)

A
  • USA had lent money to many countries during WWI & helped them rebuild after: therefore, when USA went bust so did everyone else
  • GD brought vast unemployment, homelessness & starvation on global scale - in desperate times ppl started to lose confidence in govs & demand change
  • many won over by promises of dictators e.g. Hitler, who came to power 1933. he vowed to make G great again by invading other countries, which he promised would end GD by providing employment in weapon factories & army
  • in J, army took over country; Stalin controlled USSR; and in I Mussolini was dictator
40
Q

chapter 6: how did people turning to extremism & militarism mean that the League failed to avert war in 1939?

A
  • ppl turned to extremism & militarism in hope of rebuilding countries’ economies
  • this meant countries less likely to support LoN’s aims of cooperation & peace
  • e.g. Hitler stormed out of LoN’s disarmament conference 1933
41
Q

chapter 6: how did Hitler & Mussolini mean that the League failed to avert war in 1939?

A
  • both promised glory for their countries by waging war
  • not afraid of LoN’s moral condemnation
  • and govs couldn’t impose trade sanctions as economies too weak due to GD & couldn’t afford to lose deals
  • only action they couldn’t ignore was sending army, but ofc didn’t have army of own & others couldn’t afford to lend theirs in this time of GD
  • in this climate, war became more & more likely and LoN powerless to stop it
42
Q

chapter 6: summary of how the League failed in the 1930s?

A
  • Manchurian crisis made it look inefficient & ineffective
  • B & F undermined LoN during Abyssinian crisis - by end of crisis no one really respected it
  • GD meant that it faced dictators who were determined to start wars, LoN had always been fragile, but against determined aggressors like Hitler & Mussolini it stood no chance
43
Q
A

history (15 decks)

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