c&t part two: the LoN & international peace Flashcards
flashcards for chapter 4 (the LoN, its formation & covenant, organisation, membership & how it changed, the powers of the League, the work of the League’s agencies, the contribution of the League to peace in the 1920s, incl. successes & failures such as Åaland Islands, Upper Silesia, Vilna, Corfu & Bulgaria) are in the part 1 deck - messed it up
ok cool
chapter 5: who was involved in the Locarno Treaties?
F & G, represented by their foreign ministers Briand & Stresemann
chapter 5: when were the Locarno Treaties?
1925
chapter 5: where were the Locarno Treaties signed?
Locarno, Switzerland
chapter 5: what happened in the Locarno Treaties?
- the two enemies agreed to work together peacefully
- G accepted terms of ToV
- other countries like B & Italy also signed & each country agreed not to go to war w each other; if 1 country broke the treaties the others would support country that was invaded
chapter 5: why wasn’t the LoN involved w the Locarno Treaties?
G suggested the treaties & it wasn’t part of LoN
chapter 5: why were the Locarno Treaties significant?
- seemed as if G was accepting ToV, especially terms about territory, and trying to become peaceful nation
- relationships between countries, especially F & G, improved - this paved way to G being allowed into LoN
- LoN should’ve been leading way on such an important agreement, especially since it involved 2 of league’s powerful members: B & F
chapter 5: who was involved in the Kellogg-Briand Pact?
65 countries, including G, F & USA
chapter 5: when was the Kellogg-Briand Pact signed?
1928
chapter 5: where was the Kellogg-Briand Pact signed?
Paris, France
chapter 5: what was the Kellogg-Briand Pact?
the countries agreed war wouldn’t be used to solve disputes between them
chapter 5: why wasn’t the LoN involved with the Kellogg-Briand Pact?
G & USA not members
chapter 5: why was the Kellogg-Briand Pact significant?
the fact that the League not involved made it look like it was place to talk, not for actual solutions, & this damaged its reputation
chapter 5: what happened in the Washington Arms Conference/Naval Conference, and when was it?
- 1921-22
- major countries like B, USA, Japan & F agreed maximum size of their navies
- LoN was not the one pushing for disarmament, & countries like B & F attended independently of the League
chapter 5: when was the Washington Arms/Naval Conference?
1921-22
chapter 5: what was the Rapallo Treaty?
- G & Russia agreed to work together
- LoN not involved as neither were members
chapter 5: when was the Rapallo Treaty?
1922
chapter 5: summary of diplomacy outside the League?
- LoN should’ve been at forefront of any international agreements that encouraged peace or disarmament
- however, during 1920s many international agreements signed w/o League, which damaged its reputation
- while USA, Russia & G not in LoN it meant that it couldn’t be at forefront of international politics, so success would be limited
- Russia & G did eventually join, but left in 1930s
chapter 6: what were the causes of the Manchurian Crisis?
- in 1929, Wall St Crash started the Great Depression. J suffered greatly; its main export was silk, luxury item most ppl couldn’t afford during GD
- J became more militaristic - gov looked for land to invade, thinking it’d give them more natural resources. Manchuria, in north China, rich in those
- J already had industry & a railway there so looked like ideal place to invade
chapter 6: what were the events of the Manchurian Crisis? (5 points)
- 18 sept 1931: The Mukden Incident: an explosion occurred on J-owned South Manchurian Railway. J blamed China but Chinese denied they were involved
- Feb 1932: J gov had wanted friendship w Manchuria but army ignored this & invaded it. when ppl reacted positively, gov decided not to stop army’s invasion. soon a puppet leader put in change of Manchuria
- March 1932: China appealed to LoN, which was reluctant to act: J one of leading members & Manchuria far from Europe, where LoN based, but did issue moral condemnation
- J ignored LoN, very little LoN could do w/o own army, and members didn’t want to send own armies so far away. economic sanctions would be useless as J’s main trade partner, USA, not part of LoN
- April 1932: LoN sent British politician Lord Lytton to investigate; took nearly a yr to write his report (published Oct 1932), by which time J had invaded Manchuria. Lytton concluded J in the wrong, but J ignored report, left LoN, & went on to occupy more Chinese territory from 1933-37
chapter 6: what were the consequences of the Manchurian crisis?
- 1 of LoN’s own members had ignored its moral condemnation & instructions to withdraw
- w/o army of its own LoN was powerless
- however, most ppl continued to have faith in it - thought if similar event happened in Europe then it’d be able to deal w it
- other militaristic countries like Italy & Germany saw how powerless LoN really was
chapter 6: why did the League fail in the Manchurian crisis?
- Lytton Report took far too long; by time it was finished, J in control of Manchuria
- Depression already damaging world trade & League members unwilling to impose economic sanctions
- countries unwilling to take military action bc it’d be expensive & unpopular w public
- Asia far away & not viewed as vital to countries in Europe; as a result, they didn’t want to commit resources to dealing w issues there
chapter 6: when was the invasion of Abyssinia?
1935
chapter 6: what were the causes of the Abyssinian crisis?
- Mussolini wanted to rebuild the Roman Empire, by invading other countries
- lots of natural resources in Abyssinia, which’d be useful for I during GD
- 1896: I tried to invade Abyssinia & humiliated when this poor country defeated them - Mussolini wanted revenge
- he was confident that LoN wouldn’t stop him as they’d backed down to him before during Corfu crisis 1923
- 1935: B & F signed agreement w I to form the Stresa Front. he didn’t think B or F would endanger new agreement by trying to stop him here
chapter 6: what were the events of the Abyssinian crisis? (6 points)
- Dec 1934: I troops clashed w Abyssinians at Wal Wal, LoN failed to stop Mussolini, who was intent on war
- jan 1935: French foreign minister, Pierre Laval, made secret agreement w I: Mussolini could deal w Abyssinia however he wanted & F wouldn’t interfere
- 30 Jun 1936: Abyssinian emperor, Haile Selassie, addressed LoN but they did nothing
- Oct 1935: I troops entered Abyssinia, LoN condemned invasion but Mussolini ignored them & even used chemical weapons
- *5 May 1936:** I troops entered capital, Addis Ababa
- Sept 1937: I left LoN
chapter 6: why did the League fail in the Abyssinian crisis of 1935? (4 points)
- B & F didn’t close Suez Canal (which would’ve made difficult for Mussolini to get troops to there) bc didn’t want to upset him
- when LoN imposed trade sanctions on I, failed to ban steel, oil & coal as felt this’d damage their member’s economies - these were resources that Mussolini needed for invasion
- LoN banned sales of arms to Abyssinia, which left them defenceless
- Hoare-Laval Pact: secret agreement suggested by B & F foreign ministers. they wanted to give Mussolini land in Abyssinia. pact leaked by press & was public outcry; leading members had proven they were willing to undermine LoN for own self-interest
chapter 6: what was the Hoare-Laval Pact & why was it important?
- secret agreement suggested by B & F foreign ministers
- F foreign minister, Pierre Laval, made secret agreement w I
- they wanted to give Mussolini land in Abyssinia, Mussolini could do what he wanted w Abyssinia & F wouldn’t interfere
- pact leaked by press & was public outcry
- leading members had proven they were willing to undermine LoN for own self-interest
chapter 6: what were the consequences of the Abyssinian crisis for the LoN?
- B & F showed they cared more about own interests
- small countries knew LoN could & would do nothing to protect them. from this time onwards, almost no one regarded LoN as serious or powerful organisation
chapter 6: what is evidence from the Manchurian crisis that the LoN collapsed due to the GD?
- J’s main export silk - luxury item people didn’t buy during GD, so J economy crashed
- J wanted to invade Manchuria bc rich in natural resources
- gov in J not popular - seizing land in Manchuria made gov appear strong & victories against Chinese took people’s minds off GD
chapter 6: what is evidence from the Manchurian crisis that the LoN collapsed due to the lack of an army?
when J ignored its warnings, there was nothing they could do
chapter 6: what is evidence from the Manchurian crisis that the LoN collapsed due to the economic sanctions not working?
- many members of LoN felt that as USA was J’s main trade partner, economic sanctions wouldn’t have major impact
- therefore no sanctions imposed on J
chapter 6: what is evidence from the Manchurian crisis that the LoN collapsed due to the lack of important world powers such as the USA, USSR & Germany?
- many European powers felt Manchuria too far away to deal w
- as USA not member, J wouldn’t lose main trade partner if economic sanctions imposed
chapter 6: what is evidence from the Manchurian crisis that the LoN collapsed due to B & F dominating the League?
- dominating countries of LoN based in Europe & reluctant to get involved in matter so far away
- B sent Lord Lytton to investigate for LoN, but took too long
- his report took many months to write, by which time J had completed invading
- as one of dominating forces of League, B failed to act w enough speed, which made J’s invasion easier
chapter 6: what is evidence from the Abyssinian crisis that the LoN collapsed due to the GD?
- Mussolini came to power promising to rebuild Roman Empire - invading Abyssinia was distraction from what going wrong in I
- B failed to inflict effective trade sanctions on I - worried banning trade of coal would lead to further unemployment in B
- lots of natural resources in Abyssinia
chapter 6: what is evidence from the Abyssinian crisis that the LoN collapsed due to the lack of an army?
Mussolini used chemical weapons on Abyssinians, who were left defenceless by League
chapter 6: what is evidence from the Abyssinian crisis that the LoN collapsed due to the economic sanctions not working?
- LoN banned sale of weapons to Abyssinia as well as I; this left their army w only basic weapons
- F & B failed to ban goods that I would need to invade, e.g. coal & oil
chapter 6: what is evidence from the Abyssinian crisis that the LoN collapsed due to the lack of important world powers such as the USA, USSR & Germany?
B & F wanted to keep Mussolini on side as they saw him as an ally against Hitler
chapter 6: what is evidence from the Abyssinian crisis that the LoN collapsed due to B & F dominating the League?
- B & F both had huge empires in Africa, so Mussolini felt they couldn’t object to him taking colonies there too
- B & F failed to close Suez Canal, which could’ve halted his invasion
- Mussolini seen as ally against Hitler, so B & F proposed Hoare-Laval Pact which undermined LoN
chapter 6: how did the GD help the rise of extremist parties all around the world? (probably not too important for this part but in revision guide so here)
- USA had lent money to many countries during WWI & helped them rebuild after: therefore, when USA went bust so did everyone else
- GD brought vast unemployment, homelessness & starvation on global scale - in desperate times ppl started to lose confidence in govs & demand change
- many won over by promises of dictators e.g. Hitler, who came to power 1933. he vowed to make G great again by invading other countries, which he promised would end GD by providing employment in weapon factories & army
- in J, army took over country; Stalin controlled USSR; and in I Mussolini was dictator
chapter 6: how did people turning to extremism & militarism mean that the League failed to avert war in 1939?
- ppl turned to extremism & militarism in hope of rebuilding countries’ economies
- this meant countries less likely to support LoN’s aims of cooperation & peace
- e.g. Hitler stormed out of LoN’s disarmament conference 1933
chapter 6: how did Hitler & Mussolini mean that the League failed to avert war in 1939?
- both promised glory for their countries by waging war
- not afraid of LoN’s moral condemnation
- and govs couldn’t impose trade sanctions as economies too weak due to GD & couldn’t afford to lose deals
- only action they couldn’t ignore was sending army, but ofc didn’t have army of own & others couldn’t afford to lend theirs in this time of GD
- in this climate, war became more & more likely and LoN powerless to stop it
chapter 6: summary of how the League failed in the 1930s?
- Manchurian crisis made it look inefficient & ineffective
- B & F undermined LoN during Abyssinian crisis - by end of crisis no one really respected it
- GD meant that it faced dictators who were determined to start wars, LoN had always been fragile, but against determined aggressors like Hitler & Mussolini it stood no chance
