part three: troubles at home & abroad Flashcards

Question 1

Q

true or false: E wanted to bring calm and stability to the country (religious matters)

Question 2

Q

what are some catholic beliefs & practises? (6 points)

Answer

A

Pope head of church
bible & church services in latin
priests shouldn’t marry
highly decorated churches
transubstantiation
priests are ordinary people’s link with God

Question 3

Q

what are some protestant beliefs (6 points)?

Answer

A

monarch head of church
bible & church services in english
priests can marry
plain churches
bread & wine represent body & blood
ordinary people connect to God through prayer

Question 4

Q

what beliefs do both catholics & protestants share?

Answer

A

god created the world
jesus was god’s son
those who challenge the true faith must be punished

Question 5

Q

why did elizabeth make the religious settlement?

Answer

A

because she knew that compromise would bring stability & peace

Question 6

Q

what were some key points of the religious settlement?

Answer

A

priests allowed to marry
services all in english & followed protestant Book of Common Prayer
declared herself ‘governor’ rather than ‘head’ of church
catholics could worship in own way in private
moderate protestant, Matthew Parker, appointed Archbishop of Canterbury
old catholic practises like pilgrimage & saint’s images banned

Question 7

Q

how did the religious settlement try to pacify english catholics?

Answer

A

although law declared altar replaced by communion table, to please catholics ornaments such as crosses & candles could be placed on it
priests wore traditional catholic-style vestments instead of plain black ones for protestants

Question 8

Q

E’s title was….

Answer

A

supreme governor of CoE - hoped it would pacify Catholics who still regarded Pope as ‘head’ of the Church

Question 9

Q

what book was introduced (religious settlement)?

Answer

A

the book of common prayer

Question 10

Q

what language were the bible & church services in?

Question 11

Q

who was appointed as archbishop of canterbury?

Answer

A

matthew parker, a moderate protestant

Question 12

Q

what was E’s approach to private catholic worship, and how did it change?

Answer

A

was fine with it & allowed it
but 1581 - any attempt to convert people to Catholicism made treasonable offence
1593 - large gatherings of Catholics made illegal, also can’t travel more than 5 miles from homes

Question 13

Q

what were the recusancy fines like?

Answer

A

after may 1559:
- catholics who followed Popes orders to not attend Anglican services were fined a shilling a week
- attendance at mass also punished through fines
- anyone found guilty of performing ceremony of Mass could face death penalty

1581: fine for recusancy raised to £20, any attempt to convert people to Catholicism made a treasonable offence

Question 14

Q

how did E create a middle way between catholicism & protestantism

Answer

A

May 1559: Act of Uniformity
- Church created was Protestant
- new Book of Common Prayer issued, moderately worded but contained radical Protestant ideas
- traditional Catholic Mass abandoned
- Bible written in English, services in English
- clergy allowed to marry
- pilgrimages & saints images (old Catholic practises) banned
- tried to pacify Catholics: although law declared altar replaced by communion table, could put ornaments like crosses/candles on it
- priests wore traditional Catholic-style vestments rather than plain black ones (protestants)

Question 15

Q

what came after the middle way?

Answer

A

it was followed by Royal Injunctions 2 months later, outlined 57 rules, then 39 Articles (1563)

Question 16

Q

what did the middle way aim to do?

Answer

A

end quarrels between Catholics & Protestants by making clear what Anglican Church believed in, and stop rebellions

Question 17

Q

when did the Papal Bull get issued/when was Elizabeth excommunicated?

Answer

A

25th february 1570

Question 18

Q

who excommunicated E?

Answer

A

Pope Pius V

Question 19

Q

what did the Papul Bull mean?

Answer

A

excommunicated Elizabeth for heresy
also excommunicated anyone who supported her
meant she was going to Hell
meant that Catholics no longer had to be loyal to Queen, directly ordered them to disobey her laws or be excommunicated themselves
Elizabeth increasingly threatened by Catholic plots & assassination attempts, made her position difficult/unstable, especially since it said she was illegitimate

Question 20

Q

what was the governments reaction to the papul bull?

Answer

A

1571 - The Treason Act
- stated that denying Elizabeth’s supremacy & bringing Papal Bull into England could both be punished by death
- also anyone who left country for more than 6 months had land confiscated (attempt to prevent English Catholics from training as missionaries abroad)

Question 21

Q

what did puritans think of the religious settlement?

Answer

A

dissatisfied
thought old RCC corrupt, too many of traditions based on superstition, not Bible
so found Catholic parts of Elizabeth’s Middle Way offensive (e.g. continued existence of bishops & vestments work by Anglican clergy)
became problem for Queen from 1570s onwards: many senior people at Court, Church, Parliament sympathetic to them, Puritan ideas debated in Parliament until 1576

Question 22

Q

how did the law change for catholics in the 1580s?

Answer

A

became increasingly stricter
1581 new laws passed: recusancy fine £20 & any attempt to convert people made treasonable offence
1585 harsh law, Act Against Jesuits and Seminary Priests: made becoming priest treason, all priests ordered to leave England within 40 days on pain of death
1593: large gatherings of Catholics made illegal, not allowed to travel more than 5 miles from homes

Question 23

Q

when was the Act of Supremacy passed?

Question 24

Q

when was the Act of Uniformity passed?

Question 25

Q

when were the Royal Injunctions passed?

Answer

A

2 months after the Act of Uniformity, so July 1559

Question 26

Q

when were the Thirty-Nine Articles passed?

Question 27

Q

where were protestantism & catholicism quite strong in in england?

Answer

A

p: south east of england
c: the north & the west country

Question 28

Q

what did the Act of Supremacy do?

Answer

A

dealt w E’s political aims regarding Church
re-established break from Rome & independent CoE
as compromise, E chose title of Supreme Governor not Supreme Head
required all members of clergy 2 swear oath of loyalty 2 her
church would keep existing, pre-reformation episcopal structure

Question 29

Q

what did the Court of High Commission do?

Answer

A

monitored people & prosecuted those who seemed 2 be disloyal

Question 30

Q

what does episcopal mean?

Answer

A

2 archbishops (canterbury & york) and various bishops below them helping E to govern the Church, it was a catholic thing

Question 31

Q

when was the Treason Act passed?

Question 32

Q

what was the pope’s aim for the papul bull?

Answer

A

to stir up rebellion by forcing english catholics to choose between their queen or their religion

Question 33

Q

when was the Northern Rebellion?

Question 34

Q

how many rebels were involved in the northern rebellion?

Answer

A

about 4600 or nearly 5000 men

Question 35

Q

what cathedral did the rebels take control of, what did they do there, and when? (northern rebellion)

Answer

A

durham castle
illegally heard Mass there
14th nov 1569

Question 36

Q

what were the key points/stages of the northern rebellion?

Answer

A

inspired by E’s refusal 2 allow duke of norfolk to marry mary, qos
earl of westmorland & earl of northumberland took control of Durham castle & held illegal catholic mass
marched south w 4600 men
but rebels disbanded when loyal earl of sussex raised army against them
northumberland executed, westmorland escaped to france, duke of norfolk imprisoned

Question 37

Q

what happened to the people involved in the northern rebellion?

Answer

A

northumberland executed
westmorland escaped to france
duke of norfolk imprisoned (privy council wanted to execute him though)

Question 38

Q

why was it important that the duke of norfolk was what inspired the northern rebellion?

Answer

A

close to queen (cousin of her)
—> meant that E only had him imprisoned at ToL for 9 months, out of family loyalty
most senior english noble
wealthiest landowner in country

Question 39

Q

what are the key points of the ridolfi plot?

Answer

A

led by italian named ridolfi, but also involved duke of norfolk & 2nd northern rebellion
uprising would coincide w invasion of foreign catholics from netherlands & murder of E
mary, qos would be queen & marry duke of norfolk
plot discovered b4 it could be carried out

Question 40

Q

what was the aim of the ridolfi plot?

Answer

A

to restore catholicism in england (ridolfi was a catholic italian)

Question 41

Q

what year was the ridolfi plot?

Answer

A

1571 - after E was excommunicated by pope

Question 42

Q

what were the consequences of the ridolfi plot?

Answer

A

E’s intelligence network discovered conspiracy
ridolfi abroad, so escaped
norfolk arrested & guilty of treason
P passed law that removed anyone who made claim to throne & knew of plan to assassinate monarch from succession (directed at mary)
P pushed for norfolk & marys execution
E eventually decided to execute norfolk, beheaded june 1572
mary survived

Question 43

Q

what year was the throckmorton plot?

Question 44

Q

what are the key points about the throckmorton plot (1583)?

Answer

A

led by sir francis throckmorton
plan was to assassinate E & replace her with MQOS
there’d then be uprising of english catholics & a french invasion, spanish ambassador also involved
when plot failed, throckmorton executed

Question 45

Q

what were the consequences of the throckmorton plot?

Answer

A

bond of association established: anyone associated w assassination plot against E wouldn’t be able to benefit from her death in any way
throckmorton convicted of high treason, executed july 1584
mary not executed, escaped relatively unscathed

Question 46

Q

when was the babington plot?

Question 47

Q

what are the key points about the babington plot?

Answer

A

led by anthony babington (rich young Catholic)
plan was to murder E & replace her w MQOS
babington needed 2 know if Mary supported his plan; he managed 2 get Mary’s servants 2 hide coded messages within beer barrels that were sent 2 her room. messages reached Mary & she replied, giving her backing 2 the plot
but servants were spies for Walsingham, so og message & M’s reply decoded and taken straight to E - was clear M was plotting to kill E
plots discovery led to the trial & execution of mary

Question 48

Q

who was MQOS?

Answer

A

E’s cousin, her grandma was Henry VIII’s sister
Catholic
became QOS in 1542, only 8 days old
married heir to French throne in 1558 & was briefly queen of two countries
as E had no children, M also heir to throne of england, some believed she was the rightful queen
after husband’s death, returned to Scotland but became increasingly unpopular. scotland had become increasingly Protestant in her absence
1567: after being accused of murder of her 2nd husband, Lord Darnley, M fled to england. her young son James crowned KOS

Question 49

Q

why did Mary’s arrival in England worry many protestants?

Answer

A

worried she might directly lead, or simply inspire, a rebellion against E
idea that she could ever become queen reminded them of horrors of Mary I’s reign
P & no. of privy councillors called for her execution, but E hesitant - didn’t wanna kill a fellow queen
M kept under close guard & moved around england for next 19 yrs

Question 50

Q

what happened in MQOS’s trial?

Answer

A

Oct 1586: M put on trial before a court of 36 noblemen incl Walsingham & William Cecil, 2 of E’s closest advisors
M defended herself strongly - criticised fact that she’d not been allowed to see evidence against her & claimed that since she’s not english, couldn’t be guilty of treason
refused to accept that the court had any right to pass sentence on her
she was found guilty & sentenced to death on 25th oct

Question 51

Q

why was E reluctant to sign MQOS’s death warrant?

Answer

A

feared that executing fellow monarch might inspire her enemies, or that her son James might want revenge
also concerned about reaction of Catholic powers France & Spain
despite this, signed death warrant on 1 feb 1587
M executed, in private, 7 days later at Fotheringhay Castle. Earls of Shrewsbury & Kent were the official witnesses

Question 52

Q

what was the impact of MQOS’s execution?

Answer

A

w/o M, Catholics had no clear alternative monarch. new heir to english throne was her son James - a protestant
even in death, M remained important figure. many saw her as martyr to her faith & her execution as proof that E was wicked heretic
E’s concern about reaction abroad was unwarranted - there was outrage but no action from France or Spain. James accepted E’s apology for death of his mother

Question 53

Q

what year did MQOS arrive in england?

Question 54

Q

what was counter-reformation?

Answer

A

the attempt by the Catholic Church to bring many protestants back to the old faith

Question 55

Q

what did William Allen do in 1568?

Answer

A

established a seminary at Douai in Netherlands to train Catholic priests, he aimed to send these priests to england as missionaries. he has the full backing of the pope

Question 56

Q

what were the jesuits?

Answer

A

the Society of Jesus was created in 1540, began to send missionaries to england from 1580
purpose was to convert protestant population to catholicism
E saw them as threat

Question 57

Q

who were the key jesuits in england?

Answer

A

Edmund Campion & Robert Parsons arrived in England on 24 june 1580 as missionaries
Campion travelled country spreading his message, whereas Parsons kept lower profile
Campion became wanted man bc authorities convinced he wanted to start a rebellion

Question 58

Q

were the jesuits really a threat?

Answer

A

jesuits like Campion claimed to not want rebellion but just to spread their religious message
E & many others, however, saw them as genuine threat to stability of england even if they weren’t directly involved in any plots against E

Question 59

Q

what happened to Campion (dealing with the jesuit threat)?

Answer

A

by july 1580, he’d spent a month travelling around england making speeches & encouraging ppl to convert to catholicism
E saw him as threat to order & therefore to her
he was arrested & despite maintaining that he had no plans to overthrow E, was brutally tortured & dragged through london before being hung drawn & quartered
was clear E wouldn’t take any threat lightly

Question 60

Q

in the 1580s, how did E begin to move away from tolerance of catholics?

Answer

A

1571: recusancy fines for catholics who didn’t go to protestant services, they could be fined or have property taken away. but the rich could afford it & E didn’t enforce law too harshly; when P tried to inc fines she resisted
also became illegal to own any catholic items like rosary beads
1581: recusancy fines were inc to £20 - more than most could afford; this law strictly enforced
became high treason to convert to catholicism
1585: any catholic priest who’d been ordained after 1559 considered traitor, and he & anyone protecting him, faced death
became legal to kill anyone who attempted to assassinate E
1593: ‘statute of confinement’ - catholics couldn’t travel > 5 miles from home w/o permission from authorities

Question 61

Q

why did E’s religious policy change?

Answer

A

threat from abroad: spain & france were powerful catholic countries & invasion was real concern for E. spanish armada of 1588 showed the fear was justified. threat declined towards end of her reign, following armada’s defeat
powerful catholics: several powerful catholic families lived in north of england. they’d mostly remained loyal, but was growing concern they’d obey pope’s command & rebel
ridolfi, throckmorton, babington plots: although they failed, showed that E had enemies who wanted to overthrow her & restore the RCC
jesuit missionaries: popularity of ppl like Campion undermined E’s authority, couldn’t allow them to spread their message

Question 62

Q

who were the puritans?

Answer

A

strict protestants who were influenced by extreme protestants in europe, like john calvin
in some cases, lived in exile in europe during reign of E’s sister mary
keen to remove all catholic elements from CoE
studied the bible, wanted plain clothing & simple services
some puritans appointed as bishops by E, though some argued over their robes - by 1568, most had agreed 2 wear white gown/surplice required by CoE during services

Question 63

Q

what were presbyterians?

Answer

A

extreme puritans
questioned E’s religious settlement & need for bishops

Question 64

Q

idk what question to make from this but like do the flow chart thingy about presbyterians

Answer

A

in 1570s, they held popular meetings, called prophesyings to discuss bible, often criticism of E & her religious policies too
Edmund Grindal, Archbishop of Canterbury, encouraged prophesyings despite these criticisms
E suspended him as archbishop
1580: John Field, prominent & very strict Puritan, banned from preaching
leaders of new separatist church founded in london in 1593, henry barrow & john greenwood, hanged

Answer 55

A

sir francis walsingham - the queen’s senior minister & spymaster. he largely kept his religious views to himself, aware they might make him unpopular
robert dudley earl of leicester- privy councillor & seen as potential husband for E. he was unwilling to put position at risk by openly challenging the church
peter wentworth & anthony cope- presbyterian MPs who tried to bring change to the church by introducing bills to parliament, but they didn’t get much support from other MPs

Answer 56

A

John Whitgift - took tough stance against puritans. with this key appointment, and deaths of dudley (1588) & walsingham (1590), E began 2 crack down on puritanism

Answer 57

A

new rules introduced by whitgift banning unlicensed preaching & forcing church attendance w recusancy fines
new High Commission w power to fine & imprison Puritans who refused to follow the rules
the dismissal or imprisonment of hundreds of clergymen
the punishment of printers for spreading the Puritan message
a crackdown on high profile Puritans, like Anthony Cope, who was imprisoned in ToL

Answer 58

A

spies
unconvincing alternatives
punishment
religious settlement
E was a skilled politician

Answer 59

A

E’s huge network of spies was able to quickly identify & deal with troublemakers
Walsingham, one of the queens most trusted advisors, was also her spymaster

Answer 60

A

most ppl, even catholics, preferred idea of english queen to a foreign ruler like MQOS/philip ii of spain
mary was not generally trusted, having been widely blamed for her husbands death
philip, who’d been crowned king of england after marrying E’s sister mary, had shown little interest in england. his wife had sent hundreds of protestants to be burnt at the stake
lack of a popular alternative monarch meant that most rebellions couldn’t gain wide support

Answer 61

A

E rarely showed mercy to those who betrayed her
rebels were tortured & brutally executed
E even executed her own cousin, MQOS, and her former favourite, earl of essex
for potential rebels, consequences were clear to see

Answer 62

A

E’s religious settlement policy kept majority happy
although there were crackdowns on catholics & puritans later in her reign, religious differences were mostly tolerated

Answer 63

A

E was good at getting her own way
she dealt with P w great skill, allowing MPs & lords to feel that they had influence while still showing who had final say

Answer 64

A

issue of marriage
religious difference
actions of sailors
papal bull
the netherlands

Answer 65

A

king philip II of spain had been married to E’s sister, Mary I
during this time he’d been joint monarch of england. plan was that their child would unite england & spain under 1 catholic king/queen - when mary died childless in nov 1558, so did the plan
philip proposed to E in 1559, but as with many other suitors, kept him waiting for an answer
as became clear that marriage wouldn’t take place, tensions between the countries grew

Answer 66

A

E had returned england to protestant faith after catholic years of mary I (1553-58)
spain remained catholic throughout all the religious changes of the Reformation
such opposing religious ideas led to conflict

Answer 67

A

sir francis drake & other english sailors had spent years raiding spanish ports and ships, and stealing treasures from spanish colonies in south america & closer to home
most notable example was 1587 when drake led raid on port of cadiz: destroyed dozens of spanish ships in what became known as ‘singeing the King of Spain’s beard’
E encouraged these acts by granting licenses in exchange for sharing the treasures w the country

Answer 68

A

philip also ruled netherlands. in 1556 there was protestant uprising in the country; philip sent troops to restore order but this led to even greater resistance from the rebels
although E wanted 2 avoid war w spain, E agreed 2 send money 2 support the protestants & allowed english volunteers 2 go & help in the fight. she also let rebel ships use english ports. all of this angered philip greatly
William of Orange, the Dutch rebel leader, assassinated in 1584. dec 1585: E finally agreed 2 send english troops 2 support fellow protestants
sent Robert Dudley w 7000 soldiers. dudley & his men had very little impact but was clear act of war against spain

Answer 69

A

in 1570, pope excommunicated E & called for all catholics to challenge her rule. as a catholic, philip keen to follow pope’s instructions

Answer 70

A

england spain france

Answer 71

A

Henry VIII spent fortune building huge navy to protect his island nation
before 1500, ships simply way to get to battle, but Tudor ships designed to fight
during E’s reign, under command of John Hawkins, england’s navy continued to grow
at same time, philip of spain spared no expense in trying to make his navy largest & most powerful in the world

Answer 72

A

when full scale battles fought, tactic called line of battle sometimes used: ships formed into single line & fired together on the enemy, aim was to sink many as possible
raids common form of attack: took enemy ports by surprise & destroyed many ships as possible b4 enemy had chance to fight back. also allowed for treasure to be stolen
fireships effective tactic used in 16th century: old ship set alight & sent into middle of enemy fleet; would send panic across the wooden ships & cause great damage at little risk to the attacker

Answer 73

A

new type of triangular sail (lateen) allowed 4 much faster travel & new ships allowed 4 greater speed & manoeuvrability. ships could therefore travel greater distances & perform better in raids & battles
new more powerful cannons meant now possible 2 fire at enemy ships from distance. previously, sailors try to board enemy ships. ships built specifically 4 battle & 4 use in line of battle tactic
new inventions like astrolabe allowed 4 greater accuracy when planning voyages & working out locations. this helped sailors prepare much better 4 long voyages, particularly if had 2 pass through hostile waters

Answer 74

A

1588: philip II launched his great armada: 151 ships, 7000 sailors & 34,000 soldiers would sail to the netherlands & collect more men b4 invading england
they’d sail in unbreakable crescent formation
philip so confident that he’d defeat english navy that he filled ships w weapons for land battles for once fleet arrived in england

Answer 75

A

by 6th august armada was anchored off the dutch coast
they were delayed for several days waiting for additional soldiers to arrive
at this moment english, commanded by sir francis drake, chose to strike. early on 7 august, 8 fire ships sent into spanish fleet - mass panic & well-organised armada plunged into chaos

Answer 76

A

8th august Battle of Gravelines began
english fired constantly from distance of 100m. spanish ships badly damaged but none sunk
recognising how bad situation was, spanish commander, Duke of Medina-Sidonia, tried 2 lead his battered ships home. the english gave chase

Answer 77

A

a great storm blew retreating armada way off course
their food rotten, water polluted & w no maps for waters around northern britain, many ships were wrecked. survivors who made to shore slaughtered by scots/irish
of 151 ships, only 65 returned to spain

Answer 78

A

28th may 1588

Answer 79

A

151 ships, 7000 sailors & 34,000 soldiers, and more would be collected from netherlands

65/151 ships returned to spain

Answer 80

A

8th august 1588

Answer 81

A

english tactics
spanish mistakes
the weather

Answer 82

A

fireships broke formation of fleet & made individual ships vulnerable to attack
bombardment by english cannons made regrouping impossible
english had faster ships & more experienced & skilled commanders

Answer 83

A

spanish ships designed for mediterranean & couldn’t cope w harsh conditions of english channel & north sea
they were delayed in netherlands bc soldiers not ready to board
their weapons mostly for land use, leaving them almost defenceless at sea, also brought many of wrong cannonballs
commander of fleet inexperienced

Answer 84

A

storms caused great destruction to the spanish fleet
storms delayed their return to spain, meaning that their food & water went off/ran out. many sailors became too sick to sail

Answer 85

A

armadas defeat great victory for E
proved england was major naval power
country couldn’t rest however: invasion remained a concern & philip quickly began planning 2nd attempt, but never actually tried again
E continued 2 strengthen her navy
armada brought england together: under threat of foreign invasion, most catholics declared total loyalty to E
made E even more popular & respected as leader, & helped boost idea of the ‘golden age’

Answer 86

A

28 may: armada leaves Lisbon (in spain)
19 june: arrives at Corunna
21 july: sets sail for england
29 july: sighted off cornwall
31st july-4th august: attacked by english ships
6 august: arrives at Calais
7 august: fireships sent into Calais harbour
8 august: Battle of Gravelines
9 august: armada sails into North Sea
august-september: sailors past Scotland & Ireland
september-october: returns to spain

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part three: troubles at home & abroad Flashcards

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