part three: troubles at home & abroad Flashcards
true or false: E wanted to bring calm and stability to the country (religious matters)
true
what are some catholic beliefs & practises? (6 points)
- Pope head of church
- bible & church services in latin
- priests shouldn’t marry
- highly decorated churches
- transubstantiation
- priests are ordinary people’s link with God
what are some protestant beliefs (6 points)?
- monarch head of church
- bible & church services in english
- priests can marry
- plain churches
- bread & wine represent body & blood
- ordinary people connect to God through prayer
what beliefs do both catholics & protestants share?
- god created the world
- jesus was god’s son
- those who challenge the true faith must be punished
why did elizabeth make the religious settlement?
because she knew that compromise would bring stability & peace
what were some key points of the religious settlement?
- priests allowed to marry
- services all in english & followed protestant Book of Common Prayer
- declared herself ‘governor’ rather than ‘head’ of church
- catholics could worship in own way in private
- moderate protestant, Matthew Parker, appointed Archbishop of Canterbury
- old catholic practises like pilgrimage & saint’s images banned
how did the religious settlement try to pacify english catholics?
- although law declared altar replaced by communion table, to please catholics ornaments such as crosses & candles could be placed on it
- priests wore traditional catholic-style vestments instead of plain black ones for protestants
E’s title was….
supreme governor of CoE - hoped it would pacify Catholics who still regarded Pope as ‘head’ of the Church
what book was introduced (religious settlement)?
the book of common prayer
what language were the bible & church services in?
english
who was appointed as archbishop of canterbury?
matthew parker, a moderate protestant
what was E’s approach to private catholic worship, and how did it change?
- was fine with it & allowed it
- but 1581 - any attempt to convert people to Catholicism made treasonable offence
- 1593 - large gatherings of Catholics made illegal, also can’t travel more than 5 miles from homes
what were the recusancy fines like?
after may 1559:
- catholics who followed Popes orders to not attend Anglican services were fined a shilling a week
- attendance at mass also punished through fines
- anyone found guilty of performing ceremony of Mass could face death penalty
1581: fine for recusancy raised to £20, any attempt to convert people to Catholicism made a treasonable offence
how did E create a middle way between catholicism & protestantism
May 1559: Act of Uniformity
- Church created was Protestant
- new Book of Common Prayer issued, moderately worded but contained radical Protestant ideas
- traditional Catholic Mass abandoned
- Bible written in English, services in English
- clergy allowed to marry
- pilgrimages & saints images (old Catholic practises) banned
- tried to pacify Catholics: although law declared altar replaced by communion table, could put ornaments like crosses/candles on it
- priests wore traditional Catholic-style vestments rather than plain black ones (protestants)
what came after the middle way?
it was followed by Royal Injunctions 2 months later, outlined 57 rules, then 39 Articles (1563)
what did the middle way aim to do?
end quarrels between Catholics & Protestants by making clear what Anglican Church believed in, and stop rebellions
when did the Papal Bull get issued/when was Elizabeth excommunicated?
25th february 1570
who excommunicated E?
Pope Pius V
what did the Papul Bull mean?
- excommunicated Elizabeth for heresy
- also excommunicated anyone who supported her
- meant she was going to Hell
- meant that Catholics no longer had to be loyal to Queen, directly ordered them to disobey her laws or be excommunicated themselves
- Elizabeth increasingly threatened by Catholic plots & assassination attempts, made her position difficult/unstable, especially since it said she was illegitimate
what was the governments reaction to the papul bull?
1571 - The Treason Act
- stated that denying Elizabeth’s supremacy & bringing Papal Bull into England could both be punished by death
- also anyone who left country for more than 6 months had land confiscated (attempt to prevent English Catholics from training as missionaries abroad)
what did puritans think of the religious settlement?
- dissatisfied
- thought old RCC corrupt, too many of traditions based on superstition, not Bible
- so found Catholic parts of Elizabeth’s Middle Way offensive (e.g. continued existence of bishops & vestments work by Anglican clergy)
- became problem for Queen from 1570s onwards: many senior people at Court, Church, Parliament sympathetic to them, Puritan ideas debated in Parliament until 1576
how did the law change for catholics in the 1580s?
- became increasingly stricter
- 1581 new laws passed: recusancy fine £20 & any attempt to convert people made treasonable offence
- 1585 harsh law, Act Against Jesuits and Seminary Priests: made becoming priest treason, all priests ordered to leave England within 40 days on pain of death
- 1593: large gatherings of Catholics made illegal, not allowed to travel more than 5 miles from homes
when was the Act of Supremacy passed?
May 1559
when was the Act of Uniformity passed?
May 1559
when were the Royal Injunctions passed?
2 months after the Act of Uniformity, so July 1559
when were the Thirty-Nine Articles passed?
1563
where were protestantism & catholicism quite strong in in england?
p: south east of england
c: the north & the west country
what did the Act of Supremacy do?
- dealt w E’s political aims regarding Church
- re-established break from Rome & independent CoE
- as compromise, E chose title of Supreme Governor not Supreme Head
- required all members of clergy 2 swear oath of loyalty 2 her
- church would keep existing, pre-reformation episcopal structure
what did the Court of High Commission do?
monitored people & prosecuted those who seemed 2 be disloyal
what does episcopal mean?
2 archbishops (canterbury & york) and various bishops below them helping E to govern the Church, it was a catholic thing
when was the Treason Act passed?
1571
what was the pope’s aim for the papul bull?
to stir up rebellion by forcing english catholics to choose between their queen or their religion
when was the Northern Rebellion?
1569
how many rebels were involved in the northern rebellion?
about 4600 or nearly 5000 men
what cathedral did the rebels take control of, what did they do there, and when? (northern rebellion)
- durham castle
- illegally heard Mass there
- 14th nov 1569
what were the key points/stages of the northern rebellion?
- inspired by E’s refusal 2 allow duke of norfolk to marry mary, qos
- earl of westmorland & earl of northumberland took control of Durham castle & held illegal catholic mass
- marched south w 4600 men
- but rebels disbanded when loyal earl of sussex raised army against them
- northumberland executed, westmorland escaped to france, duke of norfolk imprisoned
what happened to the people involved in the northern rebellion?
- northumberland executed
- westmorland escaped to france
- duke of norfolk imprisoned (privy council wanted to execute him though)
why was it important that the duke of norfolk was what inspired the northern rebellion?
- close to queen (cousin of her)
—> meant that E only had him imprisoned at ToL for 9 months, out of family loyalty - most senior english noble
- wealthiest landowner in country
what are the key points of the ridolfi plot?
- led by italian named ridolfi, but also involved duke of norfolk & 2nd northern rebellion
- uprising would coincide w invasion of foreign catholics from netherlands & murder of E
- mary, qos would be queen & marry duke of norfolk
- plot discovered b4 it could be carried out
what was the aim of the ridolfi plot?
to restore catholicism in england (ridolfi was a catholic italian)
what year was the ridolfi plot?
1571 - after E was excommunicated by pope
what were the consequences of the ridolfi plot?
- E’s intelligence network discovered conspiracy
- ridolfi abroad, so escaped
- norfolk arrested & guilty of treason
- P passed law that removed anyone who made claim to throne & knew of plan to assassinate monarch from succession (directed at mary)
- P pushed for norfolk & marys execution
- E eventually decided to execute norfolk, beheaded june 1572
- mary survived
what year was the throckmorton plot?
1583
what are the key points about the throckmorton plot (1583)?
- led by sir francis throckmorton
- plan was to assassinate E & replace her with MQOS
- there’d then be uprising of english catholics & a french invasion, spanish ambassador also involved
- when plot failed, throckmorton executed
what were the consequences of the throckmorton plot?
- bond of association established: anyone associated w assassination plot against E wouldn’t be able to benefit from her death in any way
- throckmorton convicted of high treason, executed july 1584
- mary not executed, escaped relatively unscathed
when was the babington plot?
1586
what are the key points about the babington plot?
- led by anthony babington (rich young Catholic)
- plan was to murder E & replace her w MQOS
- babington needed 2 know if Mary supported his plan; he managed 2 get Mary’s servants 2 hide coded messages within beer barrels that were sent 2 her room. messages reached Mary & she replied, giving her backing 2 the plot
- but servants were spies for Walsingham, so og message & M’s reply decoded and taken straight to E - was clear M was plotting to kill E
- plots discovery led to the trial & execution of mary
who was MQOS?
- E’s cousin, her grandma was Henry VIII’s sister
- Catholic
- became QOS in 1542, only 8 days old
- married heir to French throne in 1558 & was briefly queen of two countries
- as E had no children, M also heir to throne of england, some believed she was the rightful queen
- after husband’s death, returned to Scotland but became increasingly unpopular. scotland had become increasingly Protestant in her absence
- 1567: after being accused of murder of her 2nd husband, Lord Darnley, M fled to england. her young son James crowned KOS
why did Mary’s arrival in England worry many protestants?
- worried she might directly lead, or simply inspire, a rebellion against E
- idea that she could ever become queen reminded them of horrors of Mary I’s reign
- P & no. of privy councillors called for her execution, but E hesitant - didn’t wanna kill a fellow queen
- M kept under close guard & moved around england for next 19 yrs
what happened in MQOS’s trial?
- Oct 1586: M put on trial before a court of 36 noblemen incl Walsingham & William Cecil, 2 of E’s closest advisors
- M defended herself strongly - criticised fact that she’d not been allowed to see evidence against her & claimed that since she’s not english, couldn’t be guilty of treason
- refused to accept that the court had any right to pass sentence on her
- she was found guilty & sentenced to death on 25th oct
why was E reluctant to sign MQOS’s death warrant?
- feared that executing fellow monarch might inspire her enemies, or that her son James might want revenge
- also concerned about reaction of Catholic powers France & Spain
- despite this, signed death warrant on 1 feb 1587
- M executed, in private, 7 days later at Fotheringhay Castle. Earls of Shrewsbury & Kent were the official witnesses
what was the impact of MQOS’s execution?
- w/o M, Catholics had no clear alternative monarch. new heir to english throne was her son James - a protestant
- even in death, M remained important figure. many saw her as martyr to her faith & her execution as proof that E was wicked heretic
- E’s concern about reaction abroad was unwarranted - there was outrage but no action from France or Spain. James accepted E’s apology for death of his mother
what year did MQOS arrive in england?
1567
what was counter-reformation?
the attempt by the Catholic Church to bring many protestants back to the old faith
what did William Allen do in 1568?
established a seminary at Douai in Netherlands to train Catholic priests, he aimed to send these priests to england as missionaries. he has the full backing of the pope
what were the jesuits?
- the Society of Jesus was created in 1540, began to send missionaries to england from 1580
- purpose was to convert protestant population to catholicism
- E saw them as threat
who were the key jesuits in england?
- Edmund Campion & Robert Parsons arrived in England on 24 june 1580 as missionaries
- Campion travelled country spreading his message, whereas Parsons kept lower profile
- Campion became wanted man bc authorities convinced he wanted to start a rebellion
were the jesuits really a threat?
- jesuits like Campion claimed to not want rebellion but just to spread their religious message
- E & many others, however, saw them as genuine threat to stability of england even if they weren’t directly involved in any plots against E
what happened to Campion (dealing with the jesuit threat)?
- by july 1580, he’d spent a month travelling around england making speeches & encouraging ppl to convert to catholicism
- E saw him as threat to order & therefore to her
- he was arrested & despite maintaining that he had no plans to overthrow E, was brutally tortured & dragged through london before being hung drawn & quartered
- was clear E wouldn’t take any threat lightly
in the 1580s, how did E begin to move away from tolerance of catholics?
- 1571: recusancy fines for catholics who didn’t go to protestant services, they could be fined or have property taken away. but the rich could afford it & E didn’t enforce law too harshly; when P tried to inc fines she resisted
- also became illegal to own any catholic items like rosary beads
- 1581: recusancy fines were inc to £20 - more than most could afford; this law strictly enforced
- became high treason to convert to catholicism
- 1585: any catholic priest who’d been ordained after 1559 considered traitor, and he & anyone protecting him, faced death
- became legal to kill anyone who attempted to assassinate E
- 1593: ‘statute of confinement’ - catholics couldn’t travel > 5 miles from home w/o permission from authorities
why did E’s religious policy change?
- threat from abroad: spain & france were powerful catholic countries & invasion was real concern for E. spanish armada of 1588 showed the fear was justified. threat declined towards end of her reign, following armada’s defeat
- powerful catholics: several powerful catholic families lived in north of england. they’d mostly remained loyal, but was growing concern they’d obey pope’s command & rebel
- ridolfi, throckmorton, babington plots: although they failed, showed that E had enemies who wanted to overthrow her & restore the RCC
- jesuit missionaries: popularity of ppl like Campion undermined E’s authority, couldn’t allow them to spread their message
who were the puritans?
- strict protestants who were influenced by extreme protestants in europe, like john calvin
- in some cases, lived in exile in europe during reign of E’s sister mary
- keen to remove all catholic elements from CoE
- studied the bible, wanted plain clothing & simple services
- some puritans appointed as bishops by E, though some argued over their robes - by 1568, most had agreed 2 wear white gown/surplice required by CoE during services
what were presbyterians?
- extreme puritans
- questioned E’s religious settlement & need for bishops
idk what question to make from this but like do the flow chart thingy about presbyterians
- in 1570s, they held popular meetings, called prophesyings to discuss bible, often criticism of E & her religious policies too
- Edmund Grindal, Archbishop of Canterbury, encouraged prophesyings despite these criticisms
- E suspended him as archbishop
- 1580: John Field, prominent & very strict Puritan, banned from preaching
- leaders of new separatist church founded in london in 1593, henry barrow & john greenwood, hanged
who were some powerful puritans?
- sir francis walsingham - the queen’s senior minister & spymaster. he largely kept his religious views to himself, aware they might make him unpopular
- robert dudley earl of leicester- privy councillor & seen as potential husband for E. he was unwilling to put position at risk by openly challenging the church
- peter wentworth & anthony cope- presbyterian MPs who tried to bring change to the church by introducing bills to parliament, but they didn’t get much support from other MPs
who did E replace grindal with after he died in 1583 as archbishop of centerbury?
John Whitgift - took tough stance against puritans. with this key appointment, and deaths of dudley (1588) & walsingham (1590), E began 2 crack down on puritanism
what measures against puritans did E do?
- new rules introduced by whitgift banning unlicensed preaching & forcing church attendance w recusancy fines
- new High Commission w power to fine & imprison Puritans who refused to follow the rules
- the dismissal or imprisonment of hundreds of clergymen
- the punishment of printers for spreading the Puritan message
- a crackdown on high profile Puritans, like Anthony Cope, who was imprisoned in ToL
what were the main reasons why plots against E failed?
- spies
- unconvincing alternatives
- punishment
- religious settlement
- E was a skilled politician
why did spies mean that plots against E failed?
- E’s huge network of spies was able to quickly identify & deal with troublemakers
- Walsingham, one of the queens most trusted advisors, was also her spymaster
why did unconvincing alternatives mean that plots against E failed?
- most ppl, even catholics, preferred idea of english queen to a foreign ruler like MQOS/philip ii of spain
- mary was not generally trusted, having been widely blamed for her husbands death
- philip, who’d been crowned king of england after marrying E’s sister mary, had shown little interest in england. his wife had sent hundreds of protestants to be burnt at the stake
- lack of a popular alternative monarch meant that most rebellions couldn’t gain wide support
why did punishment mean that plots against E failed?
- E rarely showed mercy to those who betrayed her
- rebels were tortured & brutally executed
- E even executed her own cousin, MQOS, and her former favourite, earl of essex
- for potential rebels, consequences were clear to see
why did the religious settlement mean that plots against E failed?
- E’s religious settlement policy kept majority happy
- although there were crackdowns on catholics & puritans later in her reign, religious differences were mostly tolerated
why was the fact that E was a skilled politician mean that plots against her failed?
- E was good at getting her own way
- she dealt with P w great skill, allowing MPs & lords to feel that they had influence while still showing who had final say
what were the reasons for there being conflict between spain & england?
- issue of marriage
- religious difference
- actions of sailors
- papal bull
- the netherlands
why did the issue of marriage mean there was conflict between spain & england?
- king philip II of spain had been married to E’s sister, Mary I
- during this time he’d been joint monarch of england. plan was that their child would unite england & spain under 1 catholic king/queen - when mary died childless in nov 1558, so did the plan
- philip proposed to E in 1559, but as with many other suitors, kept him waiting for an answer
- as became clear that marriage wouldn’t take place, tensions between the countries grew
why did the religious difference mean there was conflict between spain & england?
- E had returned england to protestant faith after catholic years of mary I (1553-58)
- spain remained catholic throughout all the religious changes of the Reformation
- such opposing religious ideas led to conflict
why did the actions of sailors mean there was conflict between spain & england?
- sir francis drake & other english sailors had spent years raiding spanish ports and ships, and stealing treasures from spanish colonies in south america & closer to home
- most notable example was 1587 when drake led raid on port of cadiz: destroyed dozens of spanish ships in what became known as ‘singeing the King of Spain’s beard’
- E encouraged these acts by granting licenses in exchange for sharing the treasures w the country
why did the netherlands mean there was conflict between spain & england?
- philip also ruled netherlands. in 1556 there was protestant uprising in the country; philip sent troops to restore order but this led to even greater resistance from the rebels
- although E wanted 2 avoid war w spain, E agreed 2 send money 2 support the protestants & allowed english volunteers 2 go & help in the fight. she also let rebel ships use english ports. all of this angered philip greatly
- William of Orange, the Dutch rebel leader, assassinated in 1584. dec 1585: E finally agreed 2 send english troops 2 support fellow protestants
- sent Robert Dudley w 7000 soldiers. dudley & his men had very little impact but was clear act of war against spain
why did the papal bull mean there was conflict between spain & england?
in 1570, pope excommunicated E & called for all catholics to challenge her rule. as a catholic, philip keen to follow pope’s instructions
during E’s reign, which countries dominated the seas?
england spain france
why was the size of the fleet important during E’s reign? (naval warfare)
- Henry VIII spent fortune building huge navy to protect his island nation
- before 1500, ships simply way to get to battle, but Tudor ships designed to fight
- during E’s reign, under command of John Hawkins, england’s navy continued to grow
- at same time, philip of spain spared no expense in trying to make his navy largest & most powerful in the world
why were tactics important during E’s reign? (naval warfare)
- when full scale battles fought, tactic called line of battle sometimes used: ships formed into single line & fired together on the enemy, aim was to sink many as possible
- raids common form of attack: took enemy ports by surprise & destroyed many ships as possible b4 enemy had chance to fight back. also allowed for treasure to be stolen
- fireships effective tactic used in 16th century: old ship set alight & sent into middle of enemy fleet; would send panic across the wooden ships & cause great damage at little risk to the attacker
why was new technology important during E’s reign? (naval warfare)
- new type of triangular sail (lateen) allowed 4 much faster travel & new ships allowed 4 greater speed & manoeuvrability. ships could therefore travel greater distances & perform better in raids & battles
- new more powerful cannons meant now possible 2 fire at enemy ships from distance. previously, sailors try to board enemy ships. ships built specifically 4 battle & 4 use in line of battle tactic
- new inventions like astrolabe allowed 4 greater accuracy when planning voyages & working out locations. this helped sailors prepare much better 4 long voyages, particularly if had 2 pass through hostile waters
1: what was the plan for the spanish armada?
- 1588: philip II launched his great armada: 151 ships, 7000 sailors & 34,000 soldiers would sail to the netherlands & collect more men b4 invading england
- they’d sail in unbreakable crescent formation
- philip so confident that he’d defeat english navy that he filled ships w weapons for land battles for once fleet arrived in england
2: the english strike first (spanish armada flow chart thing)
- by 6th august armada was anchored off the dutch coast
- they were delayed for several days waiting for additional soldiers to arrive
- at this moment english, commanded by sir francis drake, chose to strike. early on 7 august, 8 fire ships sent into spanish fleet - mass panic & well-organised armada plunged into chaos
3: the battle (spanish armada flow chart thing)
- 8th august Battle of Gravelines began
- english fired constantly from distance of 100m. spanish ships badly damaged but none sunk
- recognising how bad situation was, spanish commander, Duke of Medina-Sidonia, tried 2 lead his battered ships home. the english gave chase
4: the storm (spanish armada flow chart thing)
- a great storm blew retreating armada way off course
- their food rotten, water polluted & w no maps for waters around northern britain, many ships were wrecked. survivors who made to shore slaughtered by scots/irish
- of 151 ships, only 65 returned to spain
when was the spanish armada released?
28th may 1588
how many ships & people were there in the spanish armada, and how many ships returned to spain?
151 ships, 7000 sailors & 34,000 soldiers, and more would be collected from netherlands
65/151 ships returned to spain
when was the Battle of Gravelines (spanish armada)?
8th august 1588
what were the reasons for why the spanish armada was defeated?
- english tactics
- spanish mistakes
- the weather
how did english tactics defeat the spanish armada?
- fireships broke formation of fleet & made individual ships vulnerable to attack
- bombardment by english cannons made regrouping impossible
- english had faster ships & more experienced & skilled commanders
how did spanish mistakes defeat the spanish armada?
- spanish ships designed for mediterranean & couldn’t cope w harsh conditions of english channel & north sea
- they were delayed in netherlands bc soldiers not ready to board
- their weapons mostly for land use, leaving them almost defenceless at sea, also brought many of wrong cannonballs
- commander of fleet inexperienced
how did the weather defeat the spanish armada?
- storms caused great destruction to the spanish fleet
- storms delayed their return to spain, meaning that their food & water went off/ran out. many sailors became too sick to sail
what were the consequences of the defeat of the spanish armada?
- armadas defeat great victory for E
- proved england was major naval power
- country couldn’t rest however: invasion remained a concern & philip quickly began planning 2nd attempt, but never actually tried again
- E continued 2 strengthen her navy
- armada brought england together: under threat of foreign invasion, most catholics declared total loyalty to E
- made E even more popular & respected as leader, & helped boost idea of the ‘golden age’
what’s the timeline for the spanish armada?
- 28 may: armada leaves Lisbon (in spain)
- 19 june: arrives at Corunna
- 21 july: sets sail for england
- 29 july: sighted off cornwall
- 31st july-4th august: attacked by english ships
- 6 august: arrives at Calais
- 7 august: fireships sent into Calais harbour
- 8 august: Battle of Gravelines
- 9 august: armada sails into North Sea
- august-september: sailors past Scotland & Ireland
- september-october: returns to spain
