c&t part one: peacemaking Flashcards
chapter 2: what were key terms of the ToV?
- german navy only 15,000 men, 1500 officers & 6 battleships
- no tanks, submarines or air force
- rhineland demilitarised
- army 100,000 men & no conscription
- anschluss forbidden
- article 231: war guilt clause (most hated term in germany)
- article 232: reparations, in 1921 agreed £6.6 billion, estimated it’d take till 1988 to pay back
- colonies in africa given as mandates to LoN & all overseas colonies taken too
- germany lost 10% of its land
- saar put under LoN control for 15 yrs
- danzig taken from germany & made free city under LoN control
- germany split in 2 by polish corridor
- LoN formed, germany not allowed to join
chapter 2: what land was taken from germany in the ToV?
lost 10% of its land, including:
- alsace lorraine —> france
- eupen & malmedy —> belgium
- north schleswig —> denmark
- danzig taken from germany & made free city under LoN’s control
- saar (important industrial area, coal mines) under LoN’s control for 15 yrs
- germany split in 2 by polish corridor - gave poland access to sea
- colonies in africa & all overseas colonies given as mandates to LoN (britain & france controlled them)
chapter 2: why was the ToV called a Diktat?
- germany not allowed to go to peace talks - didn’t have a say, couldn’t stand up for themselves
- germany told allies would resume war if gov. refused to agree to terms
chapter 4: who wanted to set up the LoN?
woodrow wilson, 14th point of his 14 points
chapter 4: what was the LoN?
a vision for bringing the world together in peace - was to be a group of countries that’d work together & solve problems, like a world parliament
chapter 4: why was the LoN formed?
countries would work together to achieve 4 aims:
- stop war breaking out again by collective security (getting countries to collaborate to help prevent war)
- encourage disarmament
- improve living & working conditions
- tackle deadly diseases
chapter 4: how would the LoN deal with aggression/settle dispute?
the Covenant set it out:
1. mitigation - getting countries together to talk through problems
2. moral condemnation
3. economic sanctions - members of LoN wouldn’t trade with warring countries
chapter 4: did the LoN have an army?
no, as it was a peaceful organisation - if an army absolutely necessary, would ask its members to lend it their armed forces
chapter 4: how many countries joined the LoN initially?
42, but countries who lost WW1 not allowed to join, incl. Germany;
- Russia not allowed to join bc its communist
- USA refused to join
chapter 4: when did germany join the LoN?
when they agreed the Locarno Treaty in 1925
chapter 4: when was russia allowed to join?
1934, by which time there were 58 member states
chapter 4: what did the assembly do in the LoN?
was an international parliament,
- each member state sent representative to meet once a year
- they’d vote on issues; decisions had to be unanimous
chapter 4: what did the council do in the LoN?
- met more freq. than Assembly
- 4 permanent members: Britain, France, Italy & Japan, + 4 other countries that were elected to sit on Council for 3 yrs
- could veto rulings made by Assembly
chapter 4: what did the Permanent Court of International Justice do in the LoN?
- international court of law
- could give hearings & advise parties involved in an argument, but rulings not compulsory so easily ignored
chapter 4: what did the Secretariat do in the LoN?
in charge of administration & arranging any action League wanted to take
chapter 4: what did the Special Commissions do in the LoN?
special groups formed to tackle specific issues, e.g. International Labour Organisation (ILO) & Health Organisation
chapter 4: what did the ILO do in the LoN?
aim: to improve working conditions
- in 1920s, death rate of workers on Tanganyika railway reduced from over 50% to 4%
- but in 1919, most members refused to stop children under age of 14 working as it’d be too expensive
chapter 4: what did the Commission for Refugees do in the LoN?
aim: to help ppl who’d lost homes bc of war, by improving refugee camps, helping them to return home, or finding new homes
- helped free around 427,000 of the 500,000 prisoners of war still imprisoned after WW1
- during 1930s, failed to help Jews trying to flee Germany
chapter 4: what did the Slavery Commission do in the LoN?
aim: to end slavery
- during 1920s, set free 200,000 slaves from Sierra Leonne
chapter 4: what did the Economic & Financial Committee do in the LoN?
aim: to improve living conditions
- sent financial advisers to Austria & Hungary to rebuild their economies when they went bankrupt in 1921
- but unable to cope w global depression after 1929
chapter 4: what did the Organisation for Communications & Transport do in the LoN?
aim: to improve how countries worked together
- introduced shipping lanes & an international highway code
chapter 4: what did the Health Organisation do in the LoN?
aim: to cure diseases
- sent doctors to help in Turkish refugee camps
chapter 4: what did the Permanent Central Opium Board do in the LoN, and what did it get renamed to?
renamed to Permanent Central Narcotics Board after 1925
aim: to tackle trade of illegal drugs
- blacklisted 4 large companies involved in trading drugs illegally
- some countries in LoN didn’t want to stop trade of opium as made so much money from it
chapter 4: what are the 5 main disputes the LoN tried solving in the 1920s?
- success: Åaland Islands, 1921
- failure & success: Upper Silesia, 1921-25
- failure & success: Bulgaria, 1925
- failure: Vilna, 1920-21
- failure: Corfu, 1923
chapter 4: what did the LoN do with the Åaland Islands dispute in 1921?
- sweden & finland both claimed the islands, willing to go to war for it
- league gave islands to finland, but forbid building of forts on them
- both countries accepted decision
- league successfully avoided war between them
chapter 4: what year was the Åaland islands dispute?
1921
