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part one: elizabeths court and parliament Flashcards

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1
Q

who did elizabeth live with growing up, and what did this mean for her?

A
  • lived with edward & mary (siblings)
  • grew up in Hatfield house
  • isolated: only interacted with siblings & tutor, not parents
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2
Q

what happened to her mum?

A

beheaded after she was born, when she was only 2

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3
Q

how might her childhood experiences have affected her approach to governing england?

A
  • wanted england to be protestant, so didn’t want mary to be queen
  • threats of rebellion from catholics - anxious
  • independent, wise beyond her years, resilient
  • try to stabilise england, no violence
  • never married a man
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4
Q

did elizabeth expect to be queen, and was she trained for the role?

A
  • didn’t expect to be queen
  • had some training by learning from siblings mistakes, childhood isolation made her resilient
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5
Q

who influenced her religious beliefs and how?

A
  • mother was protestant
  • catherine parr, henry’s sixth wife, protestant & acted as mother figure to her
  • she influenced her protestant religious views and direction of her education
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6
Q

when was elizabeth queen for?

A

1558-1603

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7
Q

when was elizabeth born?

A

1533

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8
Q

information about the privy council (5 points)

A
  • co ordinated finances, law courts & regions
  • regional lords resented the council
  • loyal & trustworthy - chosen by queen
  • she often ignored their advice
  • advised the queen & directed policy
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9
Q

info about parliament (4 points)

A
  • only called on 13 times by queen
  • queen heavily relied on parliamentary taxes (11/13)
  • queen influences & controlled them - privy council, her personality, her speeches, appointing the speaker, royal veto, arresting MPs
  • some MPs became more self confident in arguing against matters of royal perogative - marriage, succession, religion
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10
Q

info about patronage (5 points)

A
  • giving important jobs to particular men
  • key politicians given places at Court
  • highly corrupt system
  • caused intense competition between courtiers
  • helped queen remain heart of political system
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11
Q

info about royal court (4 points)

A
  • gave impression of power
  • mobile operation of 500 courtiers
  • courtiers competed for powers
  • court moved between royal residences - no new places
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12
Q

info about progresses (4 points)

A
  • major public relations exercises
  • provided time to fumigate royal residences
  • nobility desperate to impress her
  • queen lived at expense of her subjects
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13
Q

how many noblemen were in the privy council, and why?

A

19, down from 40 or something in mary’s time

to minimise conflict; had to make sure none got too powerful/disloyal

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14
Q

how often did the privy council meet?

A

initially 3 times a week, then every day

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15
Q

who were the key members of the privy council?

A
  • sir william cecil, lord Burghley
  • sir francis walsingham
  • robert dudley, earl of leicester
  • sir christopher hatton
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16
Q

royal progressions took ___-___ men and almost ____ horses

A

royal progressions took 300-400 men and almost 2000 horses

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17
Q

true or false: showing your wealth and power was not important in elizabethan times

A

false

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18
Q

info about sir william cecil, lord burghley (religion, education, experience, character, working w. others)

A
  • moderate protestant
  • studied law at cambridge
  • MP & member of edward vi’s council
  • enormously intelligent, very hard working
  • spoke his mind if he disagreed w E or others, argued w dudley & walsingham
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19
Q

info about robert dudley, earl of leicester (religion, experience, ability, working w others)

A
  • puritan
  • a member of the court
  • was made master of the horse, personally responsible for E’s safety, childhood friend
  • freq argued w cecil ab succession, religion & foreign policy as dudley was a radical & puritan
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20
Q

info about sir francis walsingham (religion, education, experience, character, ability, working w others)

A
  • puritan
  • attended cambridge uni & studied law, also studied in padua in italy
  • entered parliament as mp in 1558
  • fiercely loyal to E, could be blunt, good organiser
  • ability at languages & foreign contacts made him useful
  • freq clashed w cecil, ally of dudley

also had spy network thing

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21
Q

info about sir christopher hatton (religion, education, character, working w others)

A
  • moderate protestant
  • studied law at oxford uni
  • loyal, kind, clever, hardworking
  • hated puritans & sympathised w catholics
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22
Q

which was more important, the house of lords of house of commons?

A

house of lords

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23
Q

what was parliaments main role?

A
  • to pass legislation, mainly against catholics (reversing policies of Mary, protestants restored as dominant religion)
  • grant taxation for war/rebellion/security
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24
Q

how many times did elizabeth call parliament and why?

A
  • 13 times in 45 years
  • E didn’t like calling parliament as felt it undermined her authority

E’s parliaments work out at an avg of 3 weeks for every year on throne - just 6% of time in her reign

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25
Q

where were the house of commons positioned in the parliament?

A

all the way at the back, had to stand, far away from E - not very important

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26
Q

how did E control parliament?

A
  • made it clear she’s in charge through words & actions - issued regular statements ab her authority & arrested MPs who went 2 far in criticising her
  • P could only meet if E called it; she set the agenda
  • P could only talk ab what E allowed it to discuss
  • E mainly used it 2 grant her taxes - this her main income
  • E could close (prorogue) P at any time
  • E could dismiss P when she wished & could appoint new members to House of Lords
  • made sure Privy Council sat in P 2 help control proceedings, it was duty of them & nobles to manage P & ensure they’re clear on her wishes
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27
Q

what did parliament and elizabeth clash over?

A
  • marriage & succession
  • religion
  • mary, queen of scot’s
  • monopolies
  • freedom of speech
  • crime & poverty
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28
Q

why did E and P clash over marriage & succesion?

A
  • many in P saw it as their duty to find E a suitable husband
  • by 1566 began to discuss issue openly
  • angry at such interference, she banned them from talking ab it again
  • E saw marriage as decision for her alone
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29
Q

why did P and E clash over religion?

A
  • most divisive factor in E-an society
  • majority of those in both houses of P were protestants & supported E’s religious settlement
  • when E wished 2 introduce laws that made life hard for catholics, found support in P
  • 1 area of disagreement: issue of puritanism, number of powerful puritans in P tried unsuccessfully to introduce new laws to change CoE
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30
Q

why did E and P clash over mary queen of scots?

A
  • majority of those in P saw mary, catholic, as clear threat 2 national security & significant number of them called for her execution
  • this pressure & that of Privy Council may’ve swayed hesitant E into executing cousin
31
Q

why did E and P clash over monopolies?

A
  • giving of monopolies important way for E 2 maintain loyalty of powerful men in England (e.g. sweet wine monopoly given 2 earl of essex)
  • 1571: MP robert bell criticised them as unfair, other MPs joined him in calling 4 changes in their use
  • E agreed 2 makes a few changes but MPs pushed 4 more
  • 1601: she made speech to P in which cleverly managed 2 give impression that she’s agreeing 2 make major changes to how they worked w/o actually promising much at all
32
Q

why did E and P clash over freedom of speech?

A
  • MP peter wentworth arrested 3 times during E’s reign 4 arguing that MPs should be allowed 2 speak on any matter they choose
  • E clearly didn’t agree
  • some MPs supported his view but others didn’t
  • 1 of his arrests was organised by other MPs wishing 2 demonstrate loyalty to E
33
Q

why did E and P clash over crime & poverty?

A
  • issue of poverty significant in E-an england, particularly when it led to crime
  • many MPs recognised that simply punishing poor didn’t work, attempted to introduce new poor laws
  • they were unsuccessful, until 1601, when the Poor Law finally passed
34
Q

what are some responsibilities involved with being the queen?

A
  • chose privy council (patronage)
  • has power to call P
  • head of armed forces
  • in charge of law courts
  • head of CoE
  • ran country, made final decision
  • governs
35
Q

why did the queen choose people who disagreed w each other for privy council?

A
  • they’d be forced to try & find fair compromise/best option for her
  • made sure they couldn’t overpower her —> divide and conquer/rule
  • could get more perspectives/ideas
36
Q

why was marriage so important in Elizabethan times?

A
  • women considered weak & not suited 2 reign, E also not able 2 lead her armies into battle (kings could)
  • marriage more ab political deals between families & nations
  • age 25- E old to be unmarried, everyone though it was a priority
  • if married englishman = gain support of important family
  • if married foreign prince = join 2 royal families & their son would rule both countries
37
Q

what are the pros for E to marry?

A
  • marriage prevented mary queen of scot’s (catholic, E’s cousin) from ruling england after E’s death
  • foreign marriage = powerful alliance for england to secure its position
  • E had to provide heir to the throne to carry on Tudor line
38
Q

what are the cons for E to marry? (7 points)

A
  • having husband limits E’s personal freedom, have 2 share power w him. marriage in 16th century not partnership bc husband had legal authority over wife. E not want 2 be answerable 2 husband
  • English husband may imbalance diff. groups & factions at E’s royal court & cause jealousy, could also cause problems over who had authority
  • foreign marriage may make enemies of other countries who felt rejected
  • mary I’s marriage 2 phillip II of spain caused Wyatt’s rebellion in 1554 - many english people didn’t want foreign king
  • most of suitable candidates were catholic, she was protestant
  • giving birth was risk 4 women in 16th century, often resulted in death of mother
  • E’s dad’s marriages worked out badly, killed 2 of his wives including her mum
39
Q

what was the earl of essex (robert devereux) like?

A
  • rich
  • young
  • close to queen - one of his servants said he doesn’t come home “till birds sing in the morning”, romantic/potential suitor of queen
  • handsome & charming
  • unpredictable
40
Q

when was a power vacuum created and why? (essex rebellion 1601)

A

between 1588-1601 following deaths of dudley (1588), walsingham (1590), hatton (1591) and cecil (1598)

41
Q

true or false: the earl of essex, robert devereux, was last person to be executed inside tower of london

A

true, in 1601

42
Q

what was the relationship between the earl of essex and the queen like at the start?

A
  • E became infatuated w him & made him privy councillor even though she was 30 yrs older
  • E gave him monopoly of sweet wine, he made fortune, powerful
  • won further admiration & respect from her with military successes against Spain (1596)
43
Q

how did the earl of essex anger the queen?

A
  1. secretly married w/out her permission
  2. when E later refused 2 promote 1 of his supporters, insulted & shouted at E and turned his back on her - E punched him, he almost drew sword but stormed out instead. —> he was banished from court for rudeness (almost treason)
  3. 1598: irish rebellion - essex given change to defeat it & redeem self, but arrived with lack of troops so had to do peace deal (which was against E’s orders)
  4. while he’s away in ireland, E promoted Robert Cecil, he stormed into E’s room - she’s not fully dressed, entered w/o asking
44
Q

what did E do after essex had broken the final straw (storming into her bedroom after being angry about cecil’s promotion, she wasn’t fully dressed & entered w/o asking)?

A
  • he was ordered before the privy council, had to stand for 5 hours while he was interrogated
  • later, charges made which he had to listen to on his knees
  • he was again banned from court & placed under house arrest
  • lost all his jobs & monopoly on sweet wines, career totally ruined
45
Q

how many supporters were in the Essex rebellion, and who were most of them?

A
  • 300
  • a few unsuccessful courtiers & disgruntled poor unemployed soldiers
46
Q

who was the bitter rival of essex at court and why?

A
  • robert cecil (son of william cecil)
  • he was very clever, cunning, loyal, trained well by father
  • took over spymaster role from walsingham
  • essex was jealous of his power

also william cecil & dudley had been rivals but balanced each other, and essex was the step-son of dudley

47
Q

what was essex’s aim for the essex rebellion of 1601

A

to force E to reduce cecil’s power & promote himself

48
Q

what were the causes of the essex rebellion in 1601?

A
  • rivalry between RC & Essex
  • essex often angered E - unpredictable, secretly marrying, insulting her & turning back in her when she refused 2 promote 1 of his supporters, she punched him & he almost drew sword then ran out of meeting
  • essex banished from court after this, angry w E
  • essex thought he’s was smarter than he was, arrogant, underestimated E
  • essex made peace deal w irish rebellion, while away RC promoted - he’s jealous
  • went into E’s chambers b4 she’s fully dressed & w/o permission 2 come back 2 england
  • power vacuum after main privy councillors died from 1588-1601
49
Q

what were the consequences of the essex rebellion in 1601? (what does it show)

A
  • essex financially ruined & beheaded
  • shows E’s control, even as late as 1601, as the rebellion was easily put down
  • shows how easy it was for someone 2 lose favour w E & how dangerous politics of E-an court were 4 ppl who made mistakes
  • shows E’s monarchical power bc she stopped Essex’s monopoly on sweet wines & his debts forced him 2 take drastic action against her
  • shows power of Cecil family in E-an court. essex saw william & robert as obstacle to his own rise
50
Q

when was the earl of essex executed?

A

25th feb 1601 in the tower of london, beheaded

51
Q

who did E send to stop the essex rebellion & what happened to them

A
  • privy councillors
  • essex took 4 as hostages
52
Q

how old was E when she became queen?

A

25

53
Q

what gave E the power 2 appoint patronage?

A

royale prerogative (royal power, prerogative = right)

54
Q

who were possible suitors for the queen?

A

robert dudley, philip II, duke of alencon (younger brother of king of france)

55
Q

what illness did E get later in her reign?

A

smallpoz

56
Q

when did sir francis walsingham enter parliament as an mp?

A

1558

57
Q

what happened at the end of the essex rebellion?

A
  • he marched soldiers into london to force E to act, but gained no support from ordinary people of london
  • londoners unimpressed, most supporters deserted him quickly when offered a pardon
  • essex found his route blocked so returned home, where his house was surrounded by E’s forces, giving no choice but 2 surrender
  • rebellion lasted only 12 hours
58
Q

what happened to essex after the rebellion?

A

accused of being a traitor, essex executed at tower of london on 25th feb 1601 after interrogation & torture

59
Q

when was the wyatt’s rebellion?

A

1554

60
Q

what year was the irish rebellion that essex had to defeat?

A

1598

61
Q

what were the problems that E faced when she came to the throne in 1558?

A
  • succession
  • foreign policy
  • MQOS
  • Ireland
  • taxation
  • religion
62
Q

how was succession a problem for E when she came to the throne?

A
  • E was last living child of Henry VIII & she had no kids of her own - was unclear who would succeed her if she died before producing heir
  • in past, situations like this had led 2 violent struggles for power
  • 1562: nearly died of smallpox, this drew attention to uncertainty of englands further
  • as a result, senior figures keen that she marry as soon as possible
63
Q

how was foreign policy a problem when E came to the throne?

A
  • Catholic countries like spain & france wanted influence over england & had the support of pope in this aim - threat of invasion was very real
  • 1 key area of tension was netherlands, where protestant pop. in conflict w its spanish rulers. E had to decide whether or not to become involved
64
Q

how was MQOS a problem for E when she came to the throne?

A
  • w no direct heir, next in line to throne was E’s Catholic cousin, mary
  • many catholics saw her as alternative queen of england & this made her serious threat to E
65
Q

how was ireland a problem for E when she came to the throne?

A
  • like her predecessors, E considered herself queen of ireland
  • in 1559, faced major revolt in ireland - first of several during her reign
66
Q

how was taxation a problem for E when she came to the throne?

A
  • country short of money & E needed to raise taxes
  • poverty widespread, raising taxes would be very unpopular
67
Q

why was religion a problem for E when she came to the throne?

A
  • tudor period had seen englands official religion change number of times, this had created instability & violence
  • many catholics didn’t trust E & some claimed she had no right to be queen (they didn’t recognise henry’s marriage to E’s mother)
  • puritanism also seen as threat - no. of puritans who’d hoped to take control of CoE & make it more extreme; this could’ve damaged the whole religious settlement
68
Q

what did justices of the peace do?

A
  • several in every county
  • responsible for maintaining order & enforcing the law
69
Q

who were potential suitors?

A
  • Francis, Duke of Anjou & Alençon
  • King Philip II of Spain
  • Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester
70
Q

info about francis duke of anjou & alencon

A
  • the french king’s brother & heir to his throne
  • by the time a marriage was proposed, E was 46 & probably beyond having children. a childless marriage could result in England falling under french control
  • he was catholic & many important figures in E’s court were against the marriage
71
Q

info about king philip II of spain?

A
  • one of wealthiest & most powerful men in the world
  • he’d had been marrried to E’s sister, queen mary I, but he’d rarely visited england & the marriage hadn’t produced an heir
  • was catholic
72
Q

info about robert dudley earl of leicester?

A
  • childhood friend of E & a favourite of hers throughout her reign. many assumed they were in love
  • a key figure in royal court & member of privy council
  • when his wife died, he became free to marry E but the scandal surrounding her death (and rumours of his involvement) meant this was almost impossible
73
Q

what happened to E in 1562?

A

almost died of smallpox, so senior figures keen to find her a husband so it was clear who’d succeed her

74
Q

what did Lord Lieutenants do?

A
  • appointed by queen
  • responsible for running particular area of the country
  • responsible for raising a militia to fight for E if needed
  • many also served on privy council

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