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Gross III > Part I. The Heart > Flashcards

Part I. The Heart Flashcards

1
Q

Poorly oxygenated blood returns to:

A

Right Atrium

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2
Q

Well oxygenated blood returns to:

A

Left Atrium

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3
Q

What makes the LUB sound?

A

AV valves closing (tricuspid and bicuspid/mitral)

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4
Q

What is the force that slams the AtrioVentricular valves shut?

A

Ventricular contraction

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5
Q

Right border of heart?

A

Right Atrium between SVC and IVC

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6
Q

Inferior border of heart?

A

Right Ventricle (partly L Ventricle)

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7
Q

Left border of heart?

A

Left ventricle (partly L auricle)

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8
Q

Superior border of heart?

A

R/L Atria and their auricles

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9
Q

What is the smooth posterior part of the atrial wall?

A

Sinus venarum

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10
Q

What is the remnant of the sinus venosus which merged with embryonic atrium?

A

Sinus venarum

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11
Q

What is the purpose of the auricles (atrial appendages)?

A

It’s a muscular space that allows more blood to be in the atrium. Ie when exercising

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12
Q

What is the rough muscular surface in the Right atrium and Right and Left auricles?

A

Pectinate muscles

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13
Q

What is the ridge of tissue separating anterior and posterior area of the right atrium?

A

Crista terminalis

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14
Q

What is the shallow groove on the external heart that corresponds to the crista terminalis on the inside of the heart?

A

Sulcus terminalis

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15
Q

What is the depression inside the right atrium that is found on the interatrial septum?

A

Fossa ovalis

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16
Q

The fossa ovalis is a remnant of the fetal:

A

Foramen ovale

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17
Q

What is it called when the foramen ovale stays open (instead of shutting and turning into the fossa ovalis)?

A

Heart murmur

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18
Q

What valve is involved in fetal circulation to direct blood to foramen ovale?

A

IVC Valve

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19
Q

What are the cords attached to tricuspid valve cusps?

A

Chordate tendinae

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20
Q

In the right ventricle, the cordae tendinae attach from the cusps to:

A

Papillary muscles

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21
Q

What is the function of the chordate tendinae?

A

Prevent version of valve cusps during ventricular contraction (systole)

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22
Q

What is ventricular contraction?

A

Systole

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23
Q

What is the smooth muscle on the wall of the heart near the pulmonary valve called?

A

Conus Arteriosus (similar to Aortic Vestibule of L. Ventricle)

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24
Q

What is the crest that separates conus arteriosus from trabeculae carnae?

A

Supraventricular crest

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25
Q

What does the supraventricular crest function to do?

A

Separate in-flowing blood from out-flowing blood

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26
Q

What contracts first, papillary muscles or ventricles?

A

Papillary muscles

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27
Q

What is the other name for the moderator band?

A

Septomarginal trabecula

28
Q

What extends from the interventricular septum to the base of anterior papillary muscle?

A

Moderator band / septamarginal trabecula

29
Q

What contains the right bundle branch fo the AV bundle?

A

Moderator band

30
Q

The interventricular septum is comprised of 2 parts named:

A

Muscular IVS and membranous IVS

31
Q

What is the part of the interventricular system (IVS) that acts as an insulator to keep the electrical current from the atrium from getting into the ventricles?

A

Membranous IVS (the thinner, superior, smaller part of the IVS)

32
Q

For the conduction system of the heart, what divides the atrium from the ventricles?

A

The membranous IVS and the skeletal system of the heart

33
Q

What causes the pulmonary valve to close?

A

Back pressure

34
Q

Semilunar cusps (pulmonary and aortic valves) and the back pressure of blood in the ventricles means the closing of the valve is (passive/active)

A

Passive

35
Q

Where is pectinate muscle located in the heart?

A

ONLY Right atrium and both auricles (R/L appendages)

36
Q

Which ventricle is thicker?

A

Left ventricle

37
Q

Why is the left ventricle bigger?

A

Because it is responsible for pumping blood around the whole body

38
Q

What is the smooth cone shaped outflow area located in the left ventricle?

A

Aortic Vestibule (similar to Conus Arteriosus of R. Ventricle)

39
Q

The aortic vestibule leads to what valve?

A

Aortic semilunar valve

40
Q

Where is the aortic semilunar valve?

A

At base of ascending aorta

41
Q

What is the purpose of the skeleton of the heart?

A

Support heart valves and serve as anchor point for cardiac muscle bundles.

42
Q

Without fibrous skeleton of the heart, what would happen?

A

Heart would have a shorter lifespan

43
Q

What is the thickening between the aortic semilunar and AV rings?

A

Fibrous trigone

44
Q

Where does the membranous interventricular septum (the part that got thin) and cardiac mm. attach?

A

Fibrous trigone

45
Q

What acts as an electrical insulator?

A

The skeleton of the heart that divides atria mm from ventricle mm

46
Q

Atrial muscles attach to the ______ part of the skeleton while the ventricular muscles attaché to the _____ part of the skeleton of the heart

A

Upper; Lower

47
Q

What layer of the heart is supplied by luminal diffusion or microvasculature?

A

Endocardium

48
Q

What layers of the heart are supplied by coronary arteries and cardiac veins?

A

Myocardium and epicardium

49
Q

What travels in the Coronary / AV Sulcus?

A

Right Coronary Artery

50
Q

What branch of the Right Coronary Artery is the pacemaker of the heart?

A

SA (sinuatrial) Node branch

51
Q

What are the 4 branches off the R Coronary A that we name?

A

Sinuatrial Nodal A
R Marginal A
Atrioventricular Nodal A
Posterior Interventricular A (if R dominant heart)

52
Q

What is the junction of interatrial, AV and Interventricular grooves?

A

Crux of the heart (cross of the heart)

53
Q

Where does the AV Nodal A come from?

A

Crux of the heart (if the AV Nodal A is there)

54
Q

The Posterior L Ventricular Artery is a terminal branch of

A

R Coronary A

55
Q

What are the 2 additional names for the Anterior Interventricular A?

A

Widow Maker

Left Anterior Descending (LAD) artery

56
Q

The Anterior Interventricular A is supplied by the ___ Coronary A while the Posterior Interventricular A is (usually) supplied by the ___ Coronary A

A

Left = Anterior; Right = Posterior (67% of the time)

57
Q

Microscopic lymphatic vessels drain myocardium via _______. Larger vessels then follow ______. A single, large lymphatic vessel ascends adjacent to the ______ and ______. Lymph is then filtered through the ______ lymph nodes.

A
  • subepicardial plexus
  • the coronary sinus
  • pulmonary trunk and left atrium
  • tracheobronchial
58
Q

What does the right bundle branch stimulate?

A
  • muscular inter ventricular septum
  • anterior papillary muscle of R ventricle via moderator band and septomarginal trabeculae
  • wall of R ventricle
59
Q

What does the left bundle branch stimulate?

A
  • muscular inter ventricular septum
  • anterior and posterior papillary muscle of L ventricle
  • wall of L ventricle
60
Q

Presynaptic sympathetic neurons that stimulate the cardiac plexus enter the sympathetic trunk at what levels?

A

T1-T5

61
Q

Where do sympathetic neurons that stimulate the cardiac plexus synapse in the sympathetic trunk?

A

cervical and upper thoracic ganglia

62
Q

postsynaptic sympathetic neurons and visceral afferents pass to the cardiac plexus via _______.

A

cardiac nerves

63
Q

What is the effect of sympathetic stimulation to the heart?

A

increase HR, increase impulse conduction, increase force of contraction, dilate coronary arteries

64
Q

Where do presynaptic parasympathetic neurons travel to get to the cardiac plexus?

A

vagus nerve, CN X

65
Q

Presynaptic parasympathetic neurons will synapse on postsynaptic parasympathetic neurons of the cardiac plexus near what?

A

SA and AV nodes

66
Q

What is the effect of parasympathetic stimulation to the heart?

A

decrease HR, decrease impulse conduction, decrease force of contraction, constrict coronary arteries

Gross III (20 decks)

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