Part 9 Flashcards
1
Q
origins of Canadian correctional institutions
A
- pennsylvania model
- auburn model
- Kingston penitentiary
- royal commission
2
Q
pennsylvania model
A
- separate and silent
- always isolated
- strict code that was enforced
- no emphasize on reintegration or rehabilitation
3
Q
auburn model
A
- inmates work and eat together
- separate at night
- system of silence
- no emphasize on reintegration or rehabilitation
4
Q
kingston penitentiary
A
- first correctional facility built in Canada 1835
- built on order and morals
- hard work and religion as the focal point of reform
- highest number of inmate suicide
- extreme abuse of power
- underlying causes of crime and criminal behavior were understood as laziness, lack of moral values and disconnect from religion
- had to pay rent with your estate and if you couldn’t you stayed in prison longer
5
Q
royal/brown commission (1848)
A
- the first legislative actions against abuse of power and recommend changes
- changes made based on the high rates of suicide, advocacy from individuals on the outside (community at large, family, loved ones of prisoners), amount of riots and suggestions from staff potentially
6
Q
shift in prison system
A
- shift towards a more corrective model from the punitive model
- called for improvements of operations and functions within the prisoners
7
Q
legislation involved
A
- charter
- criminal code
- corrections and conditional release act
8
Q
corrections and conditional release act (CCRA)
A
- legislation that oversees everything under corrections
- correctional investigator in order to ensure the needs of inmates and staff are met
9
Q
federal corrections
A
- 2 years plus a day
- operated by CSC
- partnership with community organizations to aid in rehabilitation and reintegration
10
Q
provincial/territorial corrections
A
- 2 years less a day, remand
- operated by provincial/territorial governments
- most offenders sentenced to custody serve time here
11
Q
minimum security facilities
A
- no secure or controlled perimeter
- firearms not used by CO
- receive little monitoring and have your own schedule
- women: living units
12
Q
medium security facilities
A
- secure, controlled perimeter
- CO not armed
- movement is regulated and typically monitored
- women: living units
13
Q
maximum security facilities
A
- highly controlled environment
- firearms permitted for CO
- movement is strictly regulated
- women: secured units
14
Q
static security
A
- fixed/visible features
- e.g. alarms, security posts, cameras
15
Q
types of custody facilities
A
- minimum
- medium
- maximum
16
Q
custody facilities at federal vs. provincial level
A
federally the different levels of security are separated places whereas at the provincial level they are one place with different units
17
Q
dynamic security
A
interactions, observations between correctional staff and inmates
18
Q
Goffman 1961
A
- foundational theorist of sociology
- discusses authority and deterrence
19
Q
prisons as total institutions (Goffman 1961)
A
- prisons are highly controlled, heavily routined environments
- activities of inmates are tightly scheduled
- this does not result in successful reintegration because that element of control they are used to may not follow them to the outside world
20
Q
split personality of corrections
A
- duality in the roles
- expectation to protect society while simultaneously prepping offenders for release
21
Q
the offender profile
A
- typically seeing a cookie cutter model of offenders which highlights everything that is wrong in our CCJS
- relate back to systems of oppression when discussing race and socioeconomic status
22
Q
overrepresentation of indigenous individual in correctional institutions
A
indigenous individuals make up 3% of ananda’s population but 25% of canadas federal correctional population
23
Q
challenges of female offenders
A
- pathways into crime
- gender-specific programs
- marginalized backgrounds
- substance issues
- limited education and job skills
- sexual and physical abuse
- living far from families
- single caregiver with young children
24
Q
challenges of indigenous offenders
A
- history of oppression
- child welfare system, care
- family members who have served time
- residential school impact
- substance use
25
contributions to overcrowding
- change in legislation
- mandatory minimum sentences
- parole board decisions and eligibility
- absence of new facilities
- delays in court processes
26
problems with overcrowding
- shifts focus onto management rather than rehabilitation
- lack of access to programs
- longer time in cells
- increase tension in custody
27
factors contributing to disorder
1. overcrowding
2. inmate composition
3. behaviour of COs
4. physical design
5. style of prison admin.
28
maintaining safety in institutions
1. oversight and accountability
2. protective custody
3. checks, harm reduction, and surveillance
29
disciplinary segregation
- used when a inmate violates a facility regulation
- involves a lot of discretion for people in charge
- usually a limit to how long you can be subject to confinement which is 30-45 days
30
administrative segregation
- used when an inmate attempts to act in a way that threatens the prison population
- no limit or reviews
- you are here because you are a threat
- suicide is a common result of administrative segregation
31
structured intervention units
- tailored to meet the inmates specific needs
- minimum four hours out of cell, with 2 hours of meaningful human contact
- subject to rigorous reviews
- individualized approach
32
role of COs
- use of discretion
- agendas for practice
- CO subculture
- abuse of power
- continuum for correctional attitudes and orientations
33
stressors faced by COs
- safety and exposure to violence
- short work and conditions of confinement
- PTSD
- additional stressors for women: male-dominated environment
34
status degradation ceremonies
- psychologically and materially stripping inmates of possessions associate them with the “free society”
- whatever you were stays out there is the real world and this is where you are and who you are now
35
two models of prison adjustment
1. deprivation theory (Sykes)
2. importation theory (Cressey)
36
deprivation theory (Sykes, 1958)
- depriving conditions of the prison that cause stress and difficulties associated with prison life and coping
- e.g. deprivation of freedom, personal belongings
37
importation theory (Cressey, 1962)
- what the person brings into the prison will determine how they adapt to custody
- pre-prison experiences can be taken away
38
integrated approach
a mixture of both deprivation and importation theory will best predict an individual's adjustment to prison
39
inmate subculture
interactions and relationships that exist among inmates
40
prisonization
- inmates become socialized to the norms and values of the prison
- introduces the inmate to the social structure/hierarchy
41
institutionalization
so embedded in prisonization that they would be unable to function in the community
42
inmate code
set of behaviors and rules that govern the interactions between inmates and with staff
43
argot roles
social roles to help with coping and doing time
44
recidivism
- the tendency of a convicted criminal to reoffend
- only statistical way we have right now to measure the effectiveness of corrections, but it's not the best way
