Part 8

Question 1

corrections

Answer 1

the structure, policies, and programs to sanction, punish, treat and supervise individuals who have been convicted

Question 2

carceral corrections

Answer 2

traditional and institutional

Question 3

non-carceral

Answer 3

• serving time in non-institutional settings
• only typically works for more minor, petty crimes
• e.g. community corrections, diversion programs, probation, restorative justice, parole

Question 4

who is involved in community corrections

Answer 4

• probationers
• POs
• volunteers
• parolees
• family/peer support
• NGOs
• judges

Question 5

alternatives to confinement

Answer 5

programs for offenders, intermediate sanctions, restorative justice initiatives

Question 6

diversion programs

Answer 6

• designed to keep offenders from entering the formal justice system
• typically focused on low-risk, first-time offenders
• reduce costs, minimize social stigmatization, assist offenders in addressing specific/root factors related to their offending
• can only help people who want to be helped

Question 7

challenges of diversion programs

Answer 7

• net-widening effect
• depletes systems resources and impairs its ability to properly intervene

Question 8

conditional sentences

Answer 8

• offenders sentenced to 2 years less a day can serve in the community rather than custody
• fulfill conditions but not on probation
• factors like risk of reoffending, and amount of harm before considering

Question 9

electric monitoring

Answer 9

• monitoring an offender
• alternative to confinement
• less serious and non-violent crimes
• objective is public safety while allowing the offender to remain in the community

Question 10

concerns with electronic monitoring

Answer 10

• privacy
• human rights
• hinder integration into the community
• reduces face-to-face interactions

Question 11

probation

Answer 11

• used when there no mandatory minimum sentence/conditions you can receive probation as as sentence on its own
• most frequent type of community corrections
• up to 3 years of probation period
• versatile
• breach of conditions can result in summary or indictable conviction

Question 12

mandatory conditions

Answer 12

• given to all probationers
• .g. keeping the peace, good behavior, reporting to your PO

Question 13

optional conditions

Answer 13

• tailored to the offender
• specific to the offender and their crime
• e.g. stay away from said person or place because it has to do with your crime potentially

Question 14

breach conditions on probation

Answer 14

• can lead to summary or indictable conviction
• can go back into the court system and it leaves discretion up to the judge

Question 15

most common use of probation

Answer 15

used as a sentence on its own and is the most commonly used community correction

Question 16

mandatory uses of probation

Answer 16

• conditional discharge
• condition of suspended sentence
• part of an intermittent sentence

Question 17

optional uses of probation

Answer 17

• in conjunction with a conditional sentence
• following a prison term of two years or less

Question 18

conditional discharge

Answer 18

• guilty but not convicted
• no permanent record
• e.g. eligible for parole or early release and have not served your whole sentence yet, carry out the rest of your sentence on probation

Question 19

suspended sentence

Answer 19

• abide by a probation order for 1-3 years (instead of incarceration)
• criminal record stands

Question 20

fines

Answer 20

• fine option programs to be worked in the community
• can be combined with other sentences

Question 21

pains of probation

Answer 21

• emotional and economic challenges that probationers may experience during their time on probation
• e.g. stigmatization, feeling isolated/alone, limitations, difficulty gaining employment

Question 22

RNR model

Answer 22

• provide a more individualized model of achieving success
• effective model in terms of reintegration but impractical due to having to individualize everything for everyone
• 3 principles:
  1. risk
  2. needs
  3. responsivity

Question 23

risk principle of RNR model

Answer 23

• matching level of risk
• risk the offender bring because that varies from offender to offender
• e.g. crime they committed, substance abuse issues, who they hang around
  If they are super high risk the conditions of probation need to match that and vice versa

Question 24

need principle of RNR model

Answer 24

• target criminogenic needs, which are the needs of the individual and why they are engaging in criminal activity
• e.g. did they commit this crime because they are dealing with substance abuse issues, did it get them where they are now?

Question 25

responsivity principle of RNR model

Answer 25

• matched to learning style and ability
• e.g. does not do well in having authority exerted over them, they don’t respond well to that treatment so putting them into that treatment is not beneficial. What are alternatives? Can they learn in ____ environment?

Question 26

roles and responsibilities of probation officers

Answer 26

• supervision
• assessments report
• case management
• community collaboration

Question 27

dual role of probation officers

Answer 27

enforce and control the conditions of probation while providing assistance, support and encouragement

Question 28

challenges of probation officers

Answer 28

1. occupational stress
2. dealing with high-risk or violent offenders
3. remote communities

Question 29

effectiveness of use of probation

Answer 29

• stable relationships/support
• employment
• low-risk, first time offenders

Question 30

challenges/issues of using probation

Answer 30

• less positive outcomes for those with lengthy records
• failure to identify risks, needs and appropriate interventions (not all POs are great)
• low program completion
• big case loads

Question 31

absolute discharge

Answer 31

• found guilty, not convicted
• discharges with no conditions
• should be used only in exceptional circumstances