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Sociology 227 - Canadian Criminal Justice > Part 3 > Flashcards

Part 3 Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

professional model of policing

A
  • a model of police work that is reactive, incident-driven and centred on random patrol
  • service-based clientele model
  • no, or limited, use of analytics to inform police policy and operations
  • 3 r’s:
    1. reactive
    2. rapid response
    3. random patrol
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2
Q

clearance rates

A

the proportion of actual incidents known to police that result in the identification of a suspect, whether or not that suspect is ultimately charged and convicted

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3
Q

crime displacement

A
  • the relocation of crime due to effective crime prevention and crime response initiatives of criminal activity from one place, time, target, offence or tactic to another
  • e.g. the implementation of a crime prevention program in one neighbourhood may cause criminals to move to an area that does not have the program
  • can be reduced by implementing crime prevention programs on a community-wide basis rather than only in specific areas and targeting a wide range of criminal activity
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4
Q

community policing model

A
  • policing centred on police-community partnerships and problem-solving
  • work together as equal partners to identify, prioritize, and solve problems such as crime, drugs, fear of crime and general neighbourhood decay, etc, to improve the overall quality of life in the area
  • proactive
  • 3 p’s:
    1. problem-solving
    2. partnerships
    3. prevention
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5
Q

community-based strategic policing model

A
  • involves community policing, crime prevention, crime response and crime attack approaches
  • more about preventing crime, to begin with using crime analytics/stats
  • tactics and strategies:
    1. crime analytics
    2. intelligence-led policing
    3. compstat
    4. predictive policing
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6
Q

intelligence-led policing

A

guided by the collection and analysis of information that is used to inform police decision-making at both the tactical and strategic levels

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7
Q

compstat

A

increase the effectiveness and efficiency of police services while holding police personnel accountable for achieving crime reduction objectives

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8
Q

predictive policing

A
  • using analytics and data techniques to to identify the time and location where criminal activity is likely to occur.
  • increased visibility through community work
  • access to real time data
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9
Q

3 forms of crime prevention

A
  1. primary crime prevention
  2. secondary crime prevention
  3. tertiary crime prevention
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10
Q

primary crime prevention

A
  • identify opportunities and alter conditions to reduce the likelihood that a crime will be committed
  • responsive
  • altering it so the crime can’t happen again
  • police departments are most extensively involved in primary crime prevention program
  • e.g. cctv cameras, installing streetlights
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11
Q

secondary crime prevention

A
  • focus on identifying high-risk offenders and target high-crime areas
  • broken windows theory
  • e.g. over-policing downtown core
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12
Q

tertiary crime prevention

A
  • preventing reoffending
  • focussed on individuals labelled as high-risk to re-offend
  • directed towards first-time, less serious offenders, and typically have a high degree of success
  • e.g. high risk, a federal inmate being released; making sure enough surveillance and resources is focusing on the individual - house arrest
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13
Q

challenges in crime prevention

A
  • developing crime prevention strategies for indigenous communities
  • lack of community participation and awareness
  • lack of reach to high-risk communities
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14
Q

examples of response strategies

A
  • ways in which the police respond to crime
  • broken windows theory
  • zero tolerance policies
  • problem-oriented policing
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15
Q

broken windows theory

A
  • the existence of unchecked and uncontrolled minor incivilities in a neighbourhood produces an atmosphere conducive to more serious crime
  • emphasizes rapid deployment of officers and relentless follow-up
  • can lead to over-policing and increase public fear
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16
Q

zero tolerance policies

A
  • high police response and presence will reduce criminal activity.
  • may increase a sense of security and deter criminal behaviour
  • can result in over-policing and racial profiling
17
Q

problem-oriented policing

A
  • addressing the root cause of recurring problems.
  • potential to reduce crime and disorder
  • difficult to determine a long-term plan
18
Q

attack strategies

A
  • proactive operations by the police to target and apprehend criminals, especially those at risk of reoffending and to identify specific areas or neighbourhoods
  • include, increased patrol visibility, including foot patrols; proactive policing by patrol officers; and rapid patrol response
19
Q

examples of attack strategies

A
  • tactical-directed patrol
  • targeting high risk offenders
20
Q

tactical-directed policing

A
  • saturating high-crime areas (hot spots)
  • targeting certain individuals
  • hot spots identified through intelligence-led policing and plotted on crime maps
  • location or person-oriented
21
Q

targeting high-risk offenders

A
  • target high-risk offenders who are believed to re-offend
  • may lead to over-policing and racial profiling
22
Q

differential treatment

A
  • consideration of disadvantage and oppression experienced by different groups is not equal, must be considered unjust in their own right
  • must recognize the structural and historical roots of oppression and discrimination – and how it impacts experiences within the system
  • theory of intersexuality
23
Q

police response to a person with mental illness

A
  • lack of resources in the health system for community-based treatment
  • need for police to involve other agencies
  • concerned about inappropriate arrests to resolve cases (criminalization of the mentally ill)
  • must increase empathy towards people living with mental illness nd advicate for funding for community mental health programs and services
  • receive crisis intervention training
24
Q

police response to sexual assault

A
  • sexual assault is one of the most unreported crimes (roughly only 1/20 are reported)
  • due to the belief that they won’t be taken seriously or do not want to deal with the system
  • police services have created provisions for independent oversight of how cases involving allegations of sexual assault are investigated
25
Q

police response to ‘missing and murdered women and girls’

A
  • lack of investigative capacities in police service
  • lack of coordination among police services
  • lack of mobility of the victims
  • delays in reporting
  • straight-up discrimination, biases, and unfair treatment in terms of degrading, not taking them seriously, excessive force etc
26
Q

racial profiling

A

actions for safety, security or protection that rely on stereotypes about race, colour, ethnicity, ancestry, religion, place of origin

27
Q

implicit bias

A

unconscious stereotypes

28
Q

explicit bias

A

conscious stereotypes

29
Q

street checks/carding

A

disproportionate among of Indigenous, Black and racialized, minority groups stopped by police

30
Q

police interactions with the LGBTQ+ community

A
  • historic culture of police forces (and views of non-cisgender and non-heterosexual individuals) and relations with the community were characterized by conflict and mistrust
  • slow to respond to hate crimes
  • need improvement in relationships, increased awareness in training and increased focus on hate crimes

Sociology 227 - Canadian Criminal Justice (13 decks)

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