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Sociology 227 - Canadian Criminal Justice > Part 2 > Flashcards

Part 2 Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

the police act

A

foundation of knowledge that describes right/wrong or better/worse and applies to harm/care and fairness/reciprocity

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2
Q

social contract

A
  • the police is a politically neutral force that acts primarily to enforce the law and protect the public
  • use force as necessary to maintain order and maximize collective good by maintaining a safe and workable society
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3
Q

radical perspective

A
  • the police are an instrument used by governments/people/organizations/institutions in power to serve their own interest, suppress others/dissent and maintain status quo
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4
Q

political policing

A

secretive police investigative activities and surveillance of person and groups deemed to be a threat to the stability and status quo of the state

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5
Q

4 levels of policing

A
  • RCMP
  • provincial police
  • municipal police
  • indigenous police
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6
Q

RCMP

A
  • federal policing
  • international peacekeeping
  • contract policing
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7
Q

provincial police

A
  • enforce the criminal code
  • enforce provincial legislation
  • only 3 of them
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8
Q

municipal police

A
  • provincial statutes and some federal
  • municipal bylaws
  • EPS
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9
Q

indigenous police

A
  • multi-faceted role
  • band bylaws
  • uphold cultural values as well as part of the criminal code and provincial and federal statutes
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10
Q

operational patrol

A
  • patrol division
  • canine units
  • traffic control
  • bolo’s
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11
Q

investigative

A

specialized units for after the crime has occured (homicide, drugs, major crimes)

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12
Q

support services

A
  • information
  • report/filing
  • communication centre
  • victim/community services
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13
Q

administrative

A
  • civilian officers
  • finance
  • payroll
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14
Q

police acts

A

legislative framework to distinguish the structure and delivery of principles of policing

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15
Q

police standards

A
  • outline roles and responsibilities
  • employee conduct
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16
Q

boards and commissions

A
  • decide matters regarding some police personnel and budgets
  • separate from the police department and overseeing it from afar
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17
Q

basic qualifications to become an officer

A

minimum requirements for candidates applying for employment in policing

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18
Q

preferred qualifications to become an officer

A

requirements that increase the competitiveness of applicants seeking employment in policing

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19
Q

features of policing

A
  • authority
  • use of force
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20
Q

authority

A

legally mandated authority over regular citizens

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21
Q

use of force

A
  • legally mandated and required to use force when they need too
  • expectation to be able to use force
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22
Q

primary roles of police

A
  • crime control
  • order maintenance
  • crime prevention
23
Q

crime control

A
  • police presence
  • responding to and investigating crime
24
Q

order maintenance

A
  • prevent and control disruptive behaviour
25
Q

crime prevention

A
  • cameras
  • police presence
  • building positive relationships within the community
26
Q

complexity of the police role

A
  • diversifying contexts and communities
  • responding and preventing crime
  • new technology
  • divergent roles within the role of an officer
27
Q

diversifying contexts

A
  • changes in our social structure
  • can negatively impact the way people look at the police if social issues are not being dealt with swiftly and appropriately
28
Q

responding and preventing

A
  • effective implementation and solutions
  • e.g. poor response to broken window splicing for targeting marginalized communities
29
Q

effect of new technology

A
  • criminals are using new-age technology to advance crime so you expect the police to keep up and adapt to new technologies
30
Q

divergent roles

A
  • e.g. poor responding to mental health crisis
31
Q

policing subculture

A
  • there is a distinctive subculture that exists within police departments
  • pros and cons to this
  • built on the notion of solidarity (us vs. them)
32
Q

challenges of police work

A
  • occupational challenges (lack of leadership)
  • departmental challenges (staffing issues, lack of resources)
  • mental and physical challenges (damaging situations, physically demanding)
  • traumatic incidents (witness traumatic things)
  • impacts (leaving work at the door)
33
Q

principle of accountability

A

actions of officers and services are subject to review and there are formula channels that individuals can use to lodge complaints against the police

34
Q

ways of police accountability

A
  • civilian oversight: civilian review boards
  • ERC: external review committee
  • CRCC: civilian review and complaints committee
  • SIU: special investigation units
  • ethics boards and provisions
35
Q

typifications

A

constructs based on a patrol officer’s experience that devote what is typical about people and events routinely encountered

36
Q

recipes for action

A

actions typically taken by patrol officers in various kinds of encounter situations

37
Q

pre-text policing

A

police stops or searches for a minor reason that are used for more intrusive intervention

38
Q

over-policing

A

disproportionate police focus on a racialized population or neighbourhood

39
Q

four principles of “use of force”

A
  1. police must exercise force in performing their duty if authorized to do so
  2. must act on reasonable grounds (subjective)
  3. they should only use as much force as necessary (“as necessary” is arbitrary)
  4. they are responsible for any over-excessive use of force
40
Q

one plus one

A

police officers have the authority to use one higher level of force than that with which they are confronted

41
Q

5 types of force

A
  1. officer presence
  2. dialogue
  3. empty hands
  4. compliance tools
  5. lethal force
42
Q

officer presence

A

mere presence of an officer may alter behavior of the participants at an altercation, thereby enabling control of the situation

43
Q

dialogue

A

verbal and non-verbal communication skills may resolve the conflict and result in voluntary compliance

44
Q

empty hands

A

physical force is used to gain control

45
Q

compliance tools

A

equipment or weapons are used to gain control

46
Q

lethal force

A

the situation requires complete incapacitation of the subject in order to gain control, and lethal force is the only option available to reduce lethal threat

47
Q

entrapment

A
  • a person ends up committing an offence that he or she would not otherwise have committed, largely as a result of pressure or cunning on the part of the police
  • creates situational crimes
  • proactive and cost-efficient
  • prevents victimless offences
48
Q

Mr. Big stings

A
  • involves undercover officers making contact with crime suspects
  • effective at obtaining confessions and apprehending offenders
  • not predictable situations
  • element of deceit (this person is sent on the basis of deceit)
  • could lead to false confessions
49
Q

search and seizure

A
  • search people and places and to seize evidence
  • collection of evidence and information on suspects
  • debate about reasonable searches (wasting resources)
  • cost upwards of $10,000
50
Q

power to detain and arrest

A
  • an arrest can be made to prevent a crime from being committed, to terminate a breach of the peace, or to compel an accused person to attend trial.
  • must not make an arrest of he/she has no “reasonable grounds”
  • must believe on “reasonable grounds” that an arrest is “necessary in the public interest”
51
Q

when can officers make an arrest without a warrant

A
  • they have caught a person in the act of committing an offence
  • they believe, on reasonable grounds, that a person has committed an indictable offence
  • they believe, on reasonable grounds, that a person is about to commit an indictable offence.
52
Q

detention

A

occurs when a police officer “assumes control over the movement of a person by a demand or direction that may have significant legal consequence and that prevents or impedes access to counsel”

53
Q

3 common complaints against police

A
  1. abuse of authority
  2. attitudes of officers
  3. quality of service provided

Sociology 227 - Canadian Criminal Justice (5 decks)

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