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Sociology 227 - Canadian Criminal Justice > Part 12 > Flashcards

Part 12 Flashcards

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1
Q

juvenile delinquents act (JDA - 1908)

A
  • generally focused on child welfare
  • first realization young people have different needs
  • lots of discretion among criminal justice actors
  • youth were generally viewed as people suffering from lack of parental or social guidance
  • cracking down on the small things like skipping school and prevent larger things later on
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2
Q

young offenders act (YOA - 1984)

A
  • tried to actually address needs to different age groups
  • protect and balance the rights and needs of young offenders while holding them accountable
  • rehabilitation of young offenders
  • reactionary and did not prevent first formal contact with the system
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3
Q

youth criminal justice act (YCJA - 2003 to present)

A
  • present act
  • applies to 12-17 year olds
  • applifies the need for preventative measures
  • contains extra judicial measures
  • meaningful consequences that address criminogenic needs
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4
Q

risks experienced by high-risk and at-risk youth

A
  • high-risk environments
  • disabilities
  • homelessness
  • trauma
  • delinquent peers
  • familial challenges/factors
  • school
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5
Q

prevention programs for at-risk youth

A
  • normally for youth under 11
  • usually do not have any formal contact with the criminal justice system
  • programs usually geared toward high risk individuals and may be at risk of committing an offence after the age of 12
  • community collaboration (teachers, parents)
  • address needs and prevent criminalization
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6
Q

intervention programs for at-risk youth

A
  • normally for youth aged 12+
  • prevent any further contact with the criminal justice system
  • community based
  • parents/guardians must be notified and involved
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7
Q

goal of prevention and intervention programs for youth

A
  • target and attempt to address risks experienced by justice-involved youth or at-risk youth
  • example: SNAP = Stop Now and Plan
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8
Q

differences in youth system vs. adult system

A
  • different legislation (YCJA vs. criminal code)
  • don’t publish young offenders names
  • most youth don’t continue to carry a criminal record
  • youth must have supervision in the community after custodial release
  • parents/guardians are typically present and must be notified
  • maximum probation period is 2 years, instead of three like for adults
  • extensive use of alternatives to the formal court system compared to adults
  • maximum time a youth can be held in custody is six years
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9
Q

extrajudicial measure

A
  • deal with youth crime outside the court system
  • issued with warnings or diversions
  • pre-charge: once youth meet the requirement, charges are not laid
  • post-charge: once youth meets requirement, charges are withdrawn
  • e.g. community programs
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10
Q

extrajudicial sanctions

A
  • formal type of extrajudicial measure
  • for more serious offences
  • e.g. counselling, retribution, community service, restorative justice
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11
Q

youth court

A
  • problem solving specialized court that takes a problem-solving approach the sentencing youth
  • focus on speedy resolution of cases
  • most commonly tried case in youth court is ‘break and enter’
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12
Q

bail as a provision of the YCJA

A
  • not permitted as a form of child protection
  • used only for serious offences, return to court, protect society
  • used if the individual is a risk to society
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13
Q

primary objectives of youth sentencing

A
  1. rehabilitation and reintegration
  2. protection of the public
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14
Q

non-custodial sentences in youth cases

A
  • similar to adults with some differences: judicial reprimand, non-residential attendance order
  • don’t require incarceration
  • specific to the needs of young offenders
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15
Q

youth probation

A
  • most youth serve time on probation
  • at least for their first offence
  • measure RNR
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16
Q

optional conditions for youth probation

A

e.g. staying in school, securing work/job, residing with parent/guardian

17
Q

roles of PO

A
  • case management
  • integrated case management conferences
18
Q

case management

A
  • must use RNR
  • typically have smaller caseloads in youth probation
  • work with community agents/partners, schools, et
19
Q

integrated case management conferences

A
  • goal: establish manageable goals and benchmarks for youth to achieve while on probation
  • everyone involved in the offenders wellbeing is present
20
Q

importance of studying youth in custody

A
  1. special needs and vulnerabilities that differ from adults
  2. giving them a voice
  3. it is a serious act for the government to take a child away from their family so it is important to make sure people who end up in custody belong in custody
  4. vital that custodial time focuses on treatment of young offenders
  5. unique experience in and out of custody given their vulnerable backgrounds
  6. females in custody tend to suffer different pathways to criminality
21
Q

doing time as young offenders

A
  • combination of both pre-existing vulnerabilities and institutional factors
  • internal support and fear can also impact adjustment to incarceration
  • support and friendship important predictors of adjusting appropriately
  • impact and nature of relationships with staff
22
Q

treatment and programs

A
  • offender specific programming
  • offence specific programming
  • trauma informed practice
  • cognitive behavioural programming
23
Q

offender specific programming

A
  • who the offender is and what their needs are
  • e.g. appropriate cultural programming for Indigenous offenders
24
Q

offence specific programming

A
  • tailored to the type of offense and what is needed in response to that specific offense
  • e.g. rehab if your offense was tied to abuse of substances
25
Q

trauma informed practice

A
  • a lot of people have suffered some sort of trauma before arriving in prisons
  • programs and treatment options offered should be trauma informed and should be sensitive to what people may have gone through prior
26
Q

cognitive behavioural programming

A
  • effective with young offenders
  • in conjunction with psychologist
  • training and retraining your brain for better responses in certain situations
27
Q

pains of re-entry for youth

A
  • similar to adults
  • e.g. isolation, losing familial support, disconnected from communities/further detachment, housing, re-entering the school system
28
Q

aftercare programs

A
  • e.g. capable guardian, stable home life
29
Q

informal supports

A
  • role that family and friends play in that person’s life
  • influence

Sociology 227 - Canadian Criminal Justice (13 decks)

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