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Professional Development > Part 8 > Flashcards

Part 8 Flashcards

1
Q

Extrinsic vs intrinsic muscles of neck function

A

Extrinsic help with swallow and positioning of the larynx, intrinsic is for phonation subtle movements

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2
Q

Epiglottis definition

A

Flap of tissue in throat at base of tongue projecting out of the thyroid cartilage over the larynx above the glottis that is moved into a closed position upon elevation of the hyoid bone during swallowing to cap over the larynx and prevent aspiration ofmaterial

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3
Q

Glottis definition

A

Opening between the vocal folds within the larynx

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4
Q

Thyroid cartilage definition

A

Most prominent cartilage forming the anterior wall of the superior portion of the larynx below the hyoid bone connected via the thyrohyoid membrane, forms the adams apple

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5
Q

Thyrohyoid membrane definition

A

Connection between the thyroid cartilage and hyoid bone

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6
Q

True vocal folds

A

Bands of tissue that extend from the arytenoid cartilage to the thyroid cartilage’s posterior wall, the tighter they are stretched through the relaxation or stress of the arytenoid cartilage by the thyroarytenoid muscle the higher the pitch of sound

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7
Q

Thyroarytenoid muscle function, insertion, innervation

A

Function: relax the arytenoid cartilage and therefore the true vocal folds resulting in lower pitch
Insertion: Thyroid cartilage to arytenoid cartilage of larynx
Innervation: Recurrent laryngeal branch of vagus nerve

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8
Q

False vocal folds definition

A

Sit above the true vocal folds and are associated with forceful closure such as valsalva and reflex laryngeal closure due to choking or noxious stimuli

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9
Q

Recurrent laryngeal branch of vagus nerve pathway

A

From the vagus nerve’s descent, the left travels under the aortic arch and back upward to supply intrinsic muscles of the larynx, right travels under the right subclavian artery back upward to supply the same

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10
Q

Superior laryngeal branch of vagus nerve pathway

A

Branches off the vagus and travels deep to the internal carotid artery to then supply cricothyroid muscle and sensation to the vocal folds

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11
Q

If superior laryngeal nerve is lost, this complication could occur

A

Aspiration of a foreign body without coughing it back up because no sensation

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12
Q

Vagus nerve pathway

A

Provides sensory function at the external auditory canal and the hypopharynx as well as motor function of the pharynx before giving rise to the superior laryngeal branch and the recurrant laryngeal branches

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13
Q

Trachealis muscle

A

Smooth muscle at the posterior border of the trachea conjoining the ends of the c shaped rings, adjusts airflow by expanding or contracting

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14
Q

Aspirated objects are far more likely to end up in the…

A

Right lung

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15
Q

3 constrictions in the esophageal course

A

1) cricopharyngeal sphincter which relaxes to let food down at the 6th cervical vertebrae
2) At the chrossing of the aortic arch and left main bronchus
3) The lower esophageal spincter, LES where it pierces the diaphragm

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16
Q

5 phases of swallowing

A

1) buccal phase - begins in mouth and is voluntary contraction of tongue to force bolus into oropharynx
2) Uvula and larynx rise, tongue blocks off mouth, upper esophagus sphincter relaxes
3) Constrictor muscles of the pharynx contract forcing food into esophagus, upper esophageal sphincter contracts after entry
4) Food moves through esophagus to stomach by peristalsis
5) gastroesophagesal sphincter allows food to enter stomach

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17
Q

Stylohyoid muscle function, insertion, innservation

A

Function: initiate swallowing by pulling the hyoid posteriorally and superiorally
Insertion: Hyoid bone to styloid process of temporal bone
Innervation: facial nerve

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18
Q

Digastric muscle function, insertion, innervation

A

Function: depress mandible (open mouth) and elevate hyoid bone
Insertion: anterior inferior aspect of mandible to hyoid bone to mastoid process of temporal bone
Innervation: Anterior trigeminal nerve manidbular branch, posterior facial nerve

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19
Q

Mylohyoid muscle function, insertion, innervation

A

Function:Elevate hyoid bone and form floor of mouth
Insertion: Mylohyoid line of mandible to hyoid bone
Innervation: trigeminal nerve

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20
Q

Geniohyoid muscle function, insertion, innervation

A

Funciton: depress mandible and elevate hyoid bone
Insertion: medial surface of mandible to hyoid bone
Innervation: hypoglossal nerve

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21
Q

Suprahyoid muscle group (4)

A
  • stylohyoid
  • digastric
  • mylohyoid
  • geniohyoid
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22
Q

Infrahyoid muscle group (4)

A
  • omahyoid
  • sternohyoid
  • sternothryoid
  • thyrohyoid
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23
Q

Omohyoid muscle function, insertion, innervation

A

Function:depress hhyoid bone and larynx
Insertion: scapula and clavicle to hyoid bone
Innervation: C1-3

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24
Q

Sternohyoid muscle function, insertion, innervation

A

Function: depress hyoid bone and larynx
Insertion: sternum and sternoclavicular joint to hyoid bone
Innervation: C1-3

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25
Q

Sternothyroid muscle function, insertion, innervation

A

Function:depress thyroid cartilage
Insertion: Manubrium of sternum to thyroid cartilage
Innervation:c1-3

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26
Q

Thyrohyoid muscle function, insertion, innervation

A

Function: depress hyoid
Insertion: thyroid cartilage to hyoid bone
Innervation: C1

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27
Q

Sternoclydomastoid muscle function, insertion, innervation

A

Function: flex neck, bend head to shoulder, rotate neck
Insertion: clavicle and manubrium to mastoid process
Innervation: accessory nerve

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28
Q

Isthmus definition

A

tissue conjoining 2 lobes of the thyroid

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29
Q

Thyroid arterial supply

A

Superior and inferior thyroid artery (derived from the external carotid and thyrocervical trunk of subclavian artery, respectively)

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30
Q

Thyroid venous drainage

A

Superior, middle, and inferior thyroid veins

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31
Q

T4 is converted to ____ at the target tissue

A

T3

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32
Q

Calcitonin function

A

Decrease blood Ca2+ levels

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33
Q

Hypothalamic pituitary thyroid axis

A
  • TRH from hypothalamus stimulates TSH from anteiror pit
  • TSH stimulates thyroglobulin conversion via iodine presence to T3/T4 in the thyroid
  • Increased thyroid hormone causes decreased TRH and TSH
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34
Q

Parathyroid gland location

A

Posterior aspect of thyroid gland in 2 pairs (4 total)

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35
Q

Chief cells of the parathyroid

A

Parathyroid gland cells that release PTH

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36
Q

PTH function

A

Increase blood Ca2+ levels by enhancing reabsorption in the kidney, stimulating calcitrol secretion, mobilizes Ca2+ by inhibiting osteoblasts and increasing number of osteoclasts

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37
Q

Sensory, motor, or both?

A

Some say money matters, some say brains. My brother says big boobs matter most.

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38
Q

Borders of the anterior triangle of the neck

A

Mandible, midline of anterior neck, sternocleidomastaoid

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39
Q

Borders of the posterior triangle of the neck

A

Sternocleidomastoid, clavicle, trapezius

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40
Q

Vomer definition

A

Bone that forms the septum of the skull

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41
Q

Waters view xray

A

x ray beam shot 30 upward from below the horiziontal toward the face to allow for a clear view of sinuses (frontal and maxillary)

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42
Q

Atlas, axis, and dens

A

C1 and 2 respectively, with the dens sticking up from C2 into C1, very unstable for fractures

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43
Q

Transverse foramen definition

A

Holes in the cervical vertebrae where the vertebral artery can travel thru

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44
Q

Vertebra prominens definiiton

A

C7, palpable on the skin

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45
Q

Anterior longitudinal ligament definition

A

Continuous band of tissue across all the vertebrae at the body that prevents hyperextension of the spine

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46
Q

Posterior longitudinal ligament definition

A

Continous band along all the vertebrae at the body that resists hyperflexion of the spine, relatively weak

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47
Q

Ligamentum flavum definition

A

Connective tissue between adjacent vertebrae at the lamina, elastic and very strong with recoil ability

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48
Q

Jefferson fracture definition

A

C1 burst fracture of the bony ring, visible from an odontoid view

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49
Q

Hangman’s fracture definition

A

C2 body fracture, visible on a lateral view

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50
Q

Atlanto-occipital dislocation definition

A

orthopedic decapitation - ligamentous separation of the spinal column from the skull base, only thing keeping head on is treacheal tube to throat, also known as internal decapitation, do not confuse with atlanto-axial dislocation between atlas and axis

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51
Q

Clay shoveler’s fracture definition

A

Typically occurring between C6-T1, results from combination of hyperflexion sharp movement of paraspinal muscles resulting in fragment sitting adjacent to where it should be. Visible separation on a lateral view, appears as “ghost sign” on ap view (presence of 2 spinous processes). Typically a stable fracture

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52
Q

Atlanto-axial dislocation

A

degenerative or traumatic in nature, can be stable or unstable, typically treated with neck brace.

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53
Q

Internal intercostals

A

Involved in expiration (active expiration, which doesnt typically occur), innervated by intercostal nerves

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54
Q

External intercostals

A

Involved in inspiration, innervated by intercostal nerves

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55
Q

4 major centers of the brainstem (medulla and pons) associated with respiration

A
  • Inspiratory center (dorsal, medulla)
  • Expiratory center (ventral, medulla)
  • Pneumotaxic center (pons)
  • Apneustic center
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56
Q

Carotid and aortic bodies definition

A

Small thickened regions in the carotid and aorta that contain peripheral chemoreceptors detecting blood CO2 levels innervated thru glossopharyngeal nerve (carotid) and vagus (aortic)

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57
Q

Epithelium lining respiratory tract

A

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelial cells

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58
Q

What blocks material from the oral cavity from entering the nasopharynx?

A

Uvula

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59
Q

Adenoids definition

A

Single pharyngeal tonsil, similar to the lingual and palatine tonsils, housed in the posterior nasopharynx, present in children but shrinks by adulthood, accessory

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60
Q

Carina definition

A

Inferior tracheal cartilage that separates primary bronchi at their orgin and forms an internal ridge

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61
Q

Left oblique fissure definition

A

Divides left lung into 2 lobes

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62
Q

Right oblique fissure definition

A

Divides the right lung middle and lower lobes

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63
Q

Right horizontal fissure definition

A

Divides the right lung upper and middle lobes

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64
Q

Intra-alveolar pressure at rest

A

760mmHg at sea level, equal with atmospheric pressure

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65
Q

Intrapleural/intrathoracic pressure at rest

A

756mmHg of negative pressure to keep viceral and parietal pleura attached to each other

66
Q

PO2 and PCO2 in a pulmonary vein or systemic artery

A

PO2=100mmHg
PCO2=40mmHg

67
Q

PO2 and PCO2 in a systemic vein or pulmonary artery

A

PO2=40mmHg
PCO2=46mmHg

68
Q

Tidal volume definition

A

Volume inspired or expired with a normal quiet breath, approx 500mL

69
Q

Right and left common carotid arteries derived from, course, empty into

A

Derived from: Right from brachiocephalic trunk and left from aortic arch
Travel superiorally into the anterior triangle of the neck ending at the 4th cervical vertebra
Empty into: Internal and external carotid arteries

70
Q

External carotid artery derived from, course, empties into

A

Derived from: common carotid arteries
Travels superiorally at the upper boarder of the thyroid cartilage and gives rise to superior thyroid artery, ascending pharyngeal artery, facial artery, occipital artery, posterior auricular artery, lingual artery
Empties into: superficial temporal and maxillary arteries at the parotid gland

71
Q

Superior thyroid artery derived from and course

A

Derived from: 1st branch off external carotid artery
Travels inferiorally toward the upper pole of the thyroid gland

72
Q

Ascending pharyngeal artery derived from and course

A

Derived from: 2nd branch off external carotid artery
Travels superior and deep on the wall of the pharynx

73
Q

Lingual artery derived from and course

A

Derived from: 3rd branch of external carotid artery
Travels superiorally into the submandibular region to supply structures of the floor of the mouth and tongue with hypoglossal nerve crossing it

74
Q

Facial artery derived from and course

A

Derived from: 4th branch of external carotid artery
Travels upward deep to the submandibular salivary gland to supply the face

75
Q

Occipital artery derived from and course

A

Derived from: 5th branch of external carotid artery
Travels from posterior face opposite facial artery, upward reaching the back of the scalp by entering the posterior triangle of the neck

76
Q

Posterior auricular artery derived from and course

A

Derived from: 6th branch of external carotid artery
Travels from the upper border of the posterior belly of digastric to enter a groove between auricle and back of scalp

77
Q

Maxillary artery derived from and course

A

Derived from: terminal branch of external carotid artery
Travels from the parotid gland anteriorally

78
Q

Superficial temporal artery derived from and course

A

Derived from: terminal branch of external carotid artery
Travels from parotid gland superiorally along the temporal bone

79
Q

Inferior thyroid artery derived from and course

A

Derived from: thyrocervical trunk artery
Travels superiorally behind the thyroid to supply it

80
Q

Thyroid ima artery derived from and course

A

Derived from: brachiocephalic trunk (right) or aortic arch (left)
Travels superioraly in front of the trachea to supply the isthmus, some have it some do not!!!

81
Q

Acronym for branches of external carotid

A

sally anne likes food on philadelphias main street

82
Q

Supratrochlear artery derived from and course

A

Derived from: opthalmic artery
Travels medial superiorally from the orbit over the forehead

83
Q

Supraorbital artery derived from and course

A

Derived from: opthalic artery

travels superiorally from orbit over the forehead

84
Q

Internal carotid artery derived from, course, empties into

A

Derived from: common carotid artery
Travels superiorally entering the carotid canal (giving off NO branches in the neck) within the carotid sheath, gives rise to opthalmic artery near termination
Empties into: anterior cerebral artery, middle cerebral artery, and posterior communicating artery

85
Q

Carotid sheath definiton

A

Bundle of nerve and vessels entering the carotid canal in the temporal bone, includes internal jugular vein, vagus nerve, and internal carotid artery

86
Q

Vertebral artery derived from, course and empties into

A

Derived from: 1st branch of subclavian artery
Travels superiorally in front of the 7th cervical vertebra and into the cervical foramen at c6, travels thru foramen magnum
Empties into basilar artery

87
Q

Basilar artery derived from, course, empties into

A

Derived from: Left and right vertebral arteries
Travels on the anterior surface of the pons, supplying cerebellum, internal ear
Empties into right and left posterior cerebral arteries

88
Q

Posterior cerebral artery derived from, course

A

Derived from: basilar artery
Travels to supply the posterior cerebrum, giving off posterior communicating artery branches on each side

89
Q

Opthalmic artery derived from, course, empties into

A

Derived from: Internal carotid artery
Travels anteriorally to supply the orbit
Empties into supraorbital and supratrochlear arteries

90
Q

Posterior communicating arteries derived from, course, empties into

A

Derived from: posterior cerebral arteries
Travels to connect the internal carotid with the posterior cerebral
Empties into internal carotid artery

91
Q

Middle cerebral artery derived from and course

A

Derived from: Internal carotid artery
Travels to supply the lateral cerebrum

92
Q

Anterior cerebral artery derived from and course

A

Derived from: internal carotid artery
Travels to supply the anterior cerebrum, has branch of anterior communicating artery

93
Q

Anterior communicating artery

A

Connects left and right anterior cerebral arteries

94
Q

Most likely place for berry aneurysms to occur in the brain

A

Anterior or posterior communicating artery, bifurcation of middle cerebral artery from internal carotid

95
Q

Choroidal artery derived from and course

A

Derived from: middle cerebral artery
Travels posteriorally to the inferior horn of the lateral ventricle to supply the choroid plexus

96
Q

Posterior auricular vein course, empties into

A

Travels in the posterior auricular groove
empties into the external jugular vein aat the parotid gland after combining with posterior division of retromandibular gland

97
Q

Posterior division of retromandibular vein derived from, course, empties into

A

Derived from: superficial temporal vein and maxillary vein
Travels inferiorally down the temporal bone in front of the ear
Empties into the external jugular vein at the parotid gland after combining with the posterior auricular vein

98
Q

External jugular vein derived from, travels, empties into

A

Derived from: posterior auricular vein and posterior division of retromandibular vein
Travels from the parotid gland behind the angle of the mandible obliquely across sternocleidomstatoid into the posterior triangle
Empties into the subclavian vein

99
Q

Supratrochlear and supraorbital veins course and empties into

A

Travel to the medial margin of the orbit
Empty into: the facial vein

100
Q

Superficial temporal vein course and empties into

A

Travels inferiorally down the temporal area
Empties into the posterior division retromandibular vein at the parotid gland

101
Q

Maxillary vein course and empties into

A

Travels inferiorally from the maxilla of the face
Empties into the posterior division of retromandibular vein at the parotid gland

102
Q

Internal jugular vein tributaries from inferior to superior

A 
Middle thyroid vein
Superior thyroid vein
Lingual vein
Facial vein
Pharyngeal vein
Inferior petrosal sinus
103
Q

Internal jugular vein pneumonic

A

Med schools let fun people in

104
Q

Internal jugular vein derived from, course, empties into

A

Derived from: sigmoid sinus
Travels thru jugular foramen descending through neck in carotid shealth, receiving 6 tributaries
Empties into brachiocephalic vein

105
Q

Inferior thyroid veins course, empty into

A

Travel from isthmus of thyroid, anastamose together, descend in front of trachea
Empty into brachiocephalic veins of thorax

106
Q

Veins of the brain lack ____. They lie in the ____

A

valves, subarachnoid space

107
Q

Anterior jugular vein course and empties into

A

Travels down the neck close to midline, united by a jugular arch
Empties into the external jugular vein

108
Q

PA vs AP view on x ray

A

PA preferred, ap reserved for pt’s who cannot stand erect

109
Q

Skeletal muscle fiber contraction mechanism

A

Motor neuron AP -> acetylcholine release into neuromuscular junction -> Ach binds to ligand gated ion channels -> Na+ floods into cell along T tubules -> Ca2+ entrance into the cell -> Ca2+ induced Ca2+ release -> Ca2+ binds to troponin on thin filament -> troponin moves tropomyosin out of the way -> actin freed -> myosin binds actin -> ATP binds -> ATP hydrolysis shifts myosin head into active phase -> ADP disociates and power stroke occurs

110
Q

Cardiac conduction flow pathway, speed of each?

A

SA node to AV node to Bundle of His to Purkinje fibers (gets slower as we move down)

111
Q

Bachman’s bundle

A

Goes straight across from SA node to allow left atrium to contract at same time as right atrium, acting quicker than propogation of SA to AV node

112
Q

Koch’s triangle

A

Home of the AV node, located in a triangle enclosed by the septal leaflet of the tricsupid valve, the coronary sinus (drains the heart), and tendon of todaro (valve from inferior vena cava)

113
Q

Frank Starling law

A

Greater stretching of the heart up to a point creates greater force of contraction

114
Q

chronotropic vs dromotropic vs inotropic effect

A

heart rate vs conduction speed vs contractility

115
Q

Branches off the aorta in the thorax

A
  • Left and right coronary arteries
  • Brachiocephalic trunk, left common carotid and left subclavian arteries
  • pericardial, bronchial, esophageal, mediasteinal, posterior intercostal, subcostal, superior phrenic
116
Q

Pericardial arteries derived from and course

A

Derived from: thoracic aorta
Travel posteriorally to supply the pericardium

117
Q

Bronchial arteries derived from and course

A

Derived from: thoracic aorta, 2 on left 1 on right,
travel to supply the viceral pleura and bronchi of lungs

118
Q

Esophageal arteries derived from and course

A

Derived from: thoracic aorta
Travel to supply the esophagus

119
Q

Mediastinal arteries derived from and course

A

Derived from: thoracic aorta
Travel to supply the posterior mediastinum

120
Q

Posterior intercostal/subcostal arteries derived from and course

A

Derived from: thoracic aorta
Travel posterior of aspect of rib cage between ribs and anastamose with anterior intercostal arteries

121
Q

Superior phrenic artery derived from and course

A

Derived from: thoracic aorta
Travels inferiorally to supply the diaphragm

122
Q

Internal thoracic artery/mammary artery derived from, course, and empties into

A

Derived from: subclavian artery
Travels to supply the anterior thoracic wall and breast, giving rise near its origin to the peridcardiophrenic artery and anterior intercostal arteries
Empties into the superior epigastric arteries

123
Q

Pericardiophrenic artery derived from and course

A

Derived from: internal thoracic artery/mammary artery
Travels to supply the pericardium and diaphragm inferiorally alongside phrenic nerve

124
Q

Anterior intercostal arteries derived from and course

A

Derived from: Internal thoracic/internal mammary artery
Travels to supply the anterior ribs and intercostal muscles, anastamoses with the posterior intercostal arteries

125
Q

Superior epigastric artery derived from and course

A

Derived from: internal thoracic/mammary artery
Travels inferiorally on the anterior wall to supply the abdominal region

126
Q

Importance of Left internal mammary artery

A

Because of its close proximity to the heart, it can easily be harvested to bypass a blocked left anterior descending coronary artery to revascularize the heart as a CABG more efficiently than great saphenous vein

127
Q

Right coronary artery

A

Derived from: ascending aorta
Travels lateral and inferiorally down the right to supply the right atrium and right ventricle, gives off right marginal branch of right coronary artery and posterior descending artery

128
Q

Right marginal branch of right coronary artery

A

Derived from: right coronary artery
Travels down the lateral face of the heart toward the apex

129
Q

Posterior descending artery

A

Derived from: right coronary artery
Travels down the posterior ventriclular walls to meet with the anterior interventricular artery at the apex

130
Q

Left coronary artery

A

Derived from: ascending aorta
Travels inferiorally and terminates into 2 branches
Empties into: left anterior descending artery and circumflex artery

131
Q

Left anterior descending artery

A

Derived from: left coronary artery
Travels down the anterior ventricular walls to meet with the posterior descending artery at the apex of the heart,

132
Q

Left coronary circumflex artery

A

Derived from: left coronary artery
Travels laterally around the left to the posterior side of the heart, supplying the left atrium, and left and right ventricles

133
Q

Coarctation of aorta

A

Narrowing of part of the aorta (diff from valve stenosis) seen as a result of certain genetic disorders or birth defects, often see high blood pressure in upper extremities and head but lack of pressure in lower extremities

134
Q

Patent Ductus Arteriosus

A

A failure for the fetal blood flow of the aorta and pulmonary artery to close, resulting in shunting blood between aorta and pulmonary artery putting strain on the heart resulting in easy fatigue and SOB

135
Q

Transposition of the great vessels

A

Congenital heart defect where aorta and pulmonary artery are switched, most of blood returning to the heart is pumped back out without first going to the lungs, associated with pregnancy issues, symptoms include cyanosis, clubbing of toes and fingers

136
Q

Tetrology of Fallot

A

A group of 4 abnormalities
1 - narrowing of pulmonary valve
2 - thickening of right ventricle
3 - displacement of aorta due to ventricular septal defect
4 - ventricular septal defect (opening between right and left ventricles)

137
Q

Layers of the heart from outside to inside

A

Parietal pericardium, visceral pericardium/epicardium, myocardium, endocardium

138
Q

Cardiac tamponade

A

Compression of the heart by an abnormal accumulation of fluid in the pericardial cavity interfering with ventricular filling, often appearing as hypotension, pulsus paradoxus, sometimes caused by trauma, 2ndary pericarditis, catheterization

139
Q

Beck’s triad

A

3 signs of cardiac tamponade, hypotension, jugular venous distension, and faint heart sounds

140
Q

Trabeculae carnae

A

Ridges along the ventricular walls that prevent the vacuum suctioning of blood upon contracction

141
Q

Papillary muscles

A

Sit in the ventricles to pull on the AV valves via the chordae tendinae to keep them from prolapsing backwards during systole

142
Q

Most common congenital heart abnormality

A

Bicuspid aortic valve where 2 leaflets fuse together causing aortic regurgitation and stenosis

143
Q

Fetal circulation pathway

A
  • Umbilical vein transports O2 rich blood to fetus in fetal circulation
  • Some goes to the liver other goes to the ductus venosus
  • Both ultimately end up in the inferior vena cava
  • At the right atrium, some will go to right ventricle and to the pulmonary trunk (of which only some goes to lungs and most goes thru ductus arteriosus) and some thru foramen ovale
  • From left atrium and left ventricle blood goes to systemic circulation
  • Umbilical artery
144
Q

Right vs left dominant heart and which is more common

A

Right dominant heart has a posterior descending artery coming off of right coronary artery
Left dominant heart has posterior descending artery coming off of left coronary artery typically circumflex branch

145
Q

Hypothalamus definition

A

Endocrine organ that forms floor and walls of third ventricle in brain, regulates primitave functions thru homeostasis via autonomic nervous system and thru hormones

146
Q

Pituitary gland/hypophysis definition

A

Suspended below hypothalamus by stalk (infundibulum) seated in the sella turcica of sphenoid bone, anteriorally is epithelial tissue posterior is nervous tissue extension of hypothalamus (can release hormones immediately), often called the master gland of the body

147
Q

Hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system (include the pathway)

A

A microcirculation of blood vessels at the base of the brain connecting the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary to quickly transport hormones thru fenestrated capillaries bypassing the blood brain barrier easily
Follows pathway of superior hypophyseal artery entering into the hypothalamus, exchanging in a capillary bed that then travels down the infundibulum to another capillary bed in the anterior pituitary before returning to venous circulation

148
Q

2 hormones released by posterior pituitary and their function

A

oxytocin (smooth muscle contraction) and ADH (reabsorption of fluid at the kidney)

149
Q

Which hormones are released by anterior pituitary and their function (7)

A

-ACTH (act on adrenal cortex stimulate cortisol release)
-TSH (Act on thyroid stimulate t3 and t4 release)
-LH (act on gonads)
FSH (act on gonads)
-PRL (act on milk production mammary glands)
-GH (promote IGF-1 release at liver)
-Melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)

150
Q

Pineal gland location and function

A

Located deep within the brain, peak secretion occurs within first 5 years of life, produces seratonin during day and melatonin at night

151
Q

C cells of thyroid gland

A

Function to release calcitonin to decrease Ca2+ in blood stream

152
Q

3 layers of adrenal gland cortex (outside to in)

A

Zona glomerulosa
Zona fasciculata
Zona reticularis

153
Q

Adrenal gland medulla secretes what hormones?

A

Epi and norepi

154
Q

Inferior phrenic arteries (derived from, pathway, empty into)

A

Derived from: abdominal aorta
Travel from above celliac trunk artery
laterally to give rise to many other vessels
Empty into suprarenal arteries to supply adrenal glands

155
Q

Suprarenal arteries (derived from and supply)

A

Derived from: inferior phrenic arteries
Supply the adrenal glands

156
Q

Zona reticularis hormones

A

DHEA, pregnenalone, progesterone, estrogen, testosterones, androsterone

157
Q

Zona fasciulata hormone

158
Q

Zona glomerulosa hormone

A

Aldosterone

159
Q

RAAS system pathway

A
  • Liver releases inactive angiotensiongen to blood stream
  • Kidney releases renin in response to decreased renal perfusion, acting on angiotensinogen to convert to angiotensin I
  • Lungs containing ACE convert angiotensin I to angiotensin II
  • Angiotensin II acts as a potent vasoconstrictor
  • Angiotensin II stimulates aldosterone secretion from adrenal cortex
  • Aldosterone causes reabsorption of Na+ and water follows
160
Q

Pancreas definition

A

Retroperitoneal, inferior and dorsal to stomach organ with both exocrine and endocrine features, has B cells that secrete insulin into blood stream, and a cells that secrete glucagon

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