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Professional Development > Part 2 > Flashcards

Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

9 item format of abdominal sectioning

A

Left hypochondriac, epigastric, right hypochondriac, left lateral abdominal, umbilical, right lateral abdominal, left inguinal, hypogastric, right inguinal

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2
Q

Mediastinum definition

A

Wall of organs including heart, esophagus, thymus, trachea, and major blood vessels that separates the right from the left pleural cavity

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3
Q

Most likely place for a hip fracture of an elderly patient

A

The anatomical neck of the femur

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4
Q

Skier’s fracture mechanism of injury

A

Fracture of the fibula due to extensive weight being placed on it from confined mobility of boot while twisting and turning and managing skis, individuals can typically still walk down mountain despite pain because THE FIBULA IS NOT WEIGHT BEARING

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5
Q

The part of the talus that interacts with the tibia and fibula

A

The dome of the talus

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6
Q

The balls of the feet or the balls of the hand correspond to the…

A

heads of the metatarsals and heads of the metacarpals respectively

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7
Q

Large attachment site vs medium vs small on a bone terms

A

trochanter, tuberocity, tubercle

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8
Q

Great saphenous vein

A

Long superficial vein returning blood on medial side from foot, leg and thigh and emptying into the femoral vein at the level of the femoral triangle. Often this is harvested for a CABG

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9
Q

Important thing to remember when using the great saphenous vein in a CABG

A

Veins have valves, so it has to be oriented properly to allow blood flow

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10
Q

NAVL

A

The femoral nerve, artery, vein (hugged together within femoral sheath), and lymphatics (in the order lateral to medial) that travel together in the femoral triangle

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11
Q

Borders of the femoral triangle

A

The inguinal ligament, adductor longus, and sartorius

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12
Q

Saphenous branch of femoral nerve

A

Goes below knee, must be identified in ACL surgery and avoided cut to protect sensation in pockets on the leg

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13
Q

Femoral nerve origin and muscles it innervates

A

L2-4, innervates anterior thigh muscles such as quads, sartorius, and pectineus

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14
Q

Why don’t we lose blood flow to the glute area when sitting for prolonged periods?

A

The arteries perforate through the adductor magnus around to the back side at the adductor hiatus

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15
Q

Blood supply to vastus lateralis and what is the vastus lateralis often used for

A

Descending limb of lateral circumflex femoral artery, as an injection site IM

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16
Q

Trendelenberg gait

A

A result of paralysis or pareisis of the gluteus medius on the contralateral side causes swinging of leg around, remember glute medius helps by raising hip girdle on contralateral side

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17
Q

Sciatic nerve origin and components

A

Arises from L4-S3, tibial nerve which wraps around to innervate posterior leg, and common fibular nerve to innervate the anterior leg

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18
Q

Innervation of biceps femoris long head vs short head

A

Long head is tibial portion and short head is common fibular portion of sciatic nerve

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19
Q

Common finding on knee aspiration with an ACL tear

A

Middle genicular artery runs alongside ACL and tears with it so blood will be found, 1 of 6 genicular arteries

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20
Q

Name the 6 deep external rotators of the hip

A
  • Gemelli superior and inferior
  • Obturator externus/internus
  • Quadratus femoris
  • Piriformis
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21
Q

Adductor hiatus

A

Break in adductor magnus muscle to allow for passage of femoral artery and vein, changing names to popliteal

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22
Q

Pes Anserine

A

Attachment site of 3 different muscles, sartorius, semitendinosus, and gracilis on the medial lower face of the knee

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23
Q

The gastrocnemius is bi-articulate, meaning…

A

It crosses 2 joints

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24
Q

What are the 4 major types of laxatives

A

1) fiber and bulk forming agents
2) surfactants
3) osmotic agents
4) stimulant laxatives

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25
Q

Neuroimaging criteria for mild head trauma

A

GCS <15, suspected open or depressed or basilar skull fracture, >1 episode of vomiting, neurologic deficit, bleeding diathesis or anticoag use, seizure, >60 y/o, retrograde amnesia, intoxication or abnormal behavior

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26
Q

kidney stone size charting for passage

A

<5 mm manage at home, between 5-10 mm alpha blocker and outpatient assuming no other complicating factors for 4 weeks total, >10 mm urologic eval

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27
Q

“Natural” skin products will more than 9/10 times contain….

A

…allergens

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28
Q

Recent studies indicate overuse of SABA (albuterol) is associated with increased risk of …

A

…asthma exacerbations and increased asthma related mortality.

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29
Q

First line treatment for genitourinary syndrome of menopause (formerly vulvovaginal atrophy or atrophic vaginitis) in the absence of contraindications

A

low dose vaginal estrogen cream or insert or ring

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30
Q

4 cardinal features of parkinson disease

A

-Bradykinesia
-Rigidity (cogwheel), resistance to passive range of motion
-resting tremor
-postural and gait instability

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31
Q

Vibratory angioedema definition

A

Rare manifestation in a patient with untreated OSA and severe snoring that can result in anaphylaxis if untreated

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32
Q

1st line treatment for parkinson disease

A

carbidopa/levodopa

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33
Q

To extend the benefit of levodopa between doses in a parkinson disease pt, they can take one of these 3 medication types

A

-dopamine agonists (pramipexole, ropinorole, rotigitine)
-MAOI’s
-Catechol-o-methyltransferase inhibiors (-capone)

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34
Q

zonisamide (zonegran) drug class

A

Misc. Antiseizure agent

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35
Q

maxalt (rizatriptan) drug class

A

Triptan (serotonin 5HT1b1d receptor agonist)

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36
Q

psyllium (metamucil) drug class

A

Bulk forming laxative similar to fiber

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37
Q

Methylcellulose (citrucel) drug class

A

Bulk forming laxative similar to fiber

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38
Q

docusate (colace) drug class and MOA

A

surfactant laxative, lowers surface tension of stool allowing water to enter it and bulk it up

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39
Q

polyethylene glycol (PEG, miraLAX) drug class and MOA

A

osmotic laxative, pulls water into the colon from intestinal wall allowing for bulking of stool

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40
Q

What class of laxative is most concerning if abused and what consequences can occur

A

Osmotic laxatives, electrolyte derangement and overload issues in pt’s with cardiac or renal dysfunction

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41
Q

Lactulolose drug class

A

osmotic laxative

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42
Q

sorbitol drug class

A

osmotic laxative

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43
Q

List of the saline laxatives (2) and what mechanism do they work by? What is the most serious complication with them?

A

milk of magnesia, mag citrate, they are osmotic laxatives. Hypermagnesemia in pt’s without renal function

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44
Q

bisacodyl (dulcolax) drug class and MOA

A

stimulant laxative, alteration of electrolyte transport in intestinal mucosa and increase motor activity of intestines

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45
Q

senna (senoket) drug class

A

stimulant laxative

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46
Q

Triptan (serotonin 5HT1b1d receptor agonist) MOA

A

Bind vascular seratonin receptors in the cranial arteries that vasoconstrict reducing blood flow as the dilation of those arteries during migraine attacks often worsens pain

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47
Q

Pectineus muscle function, insertion, nerve, vasculature

A

Function: Flexion of femur at hip, adduction of femur at hip
Insertion: Pubis to femur
Nerve: Femoral
Vasculature: Obturator artery (branch off internal illiac

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48
Q

Psoas major function, insertion, nerve

A

Function: Flexion of femur at hip, external rotation of femur at hip
Insertion: T12-L5 to lesser trochanter
Nerve: Femoral

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49
Q

Iliacus Function, insertion, nerve, vasculature

A

Function: Flexion of femur at hip, external rotation of femur at hip
Insertion: Iliac crest to lesser trochanter
Nerve: femoral
Vasculature; Medial femoral circumflex artery

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50
Q

Sartorius function, insertion, nerve, vasculature

A

Function: Flexion of femur at hip, flexion of tibia at knee, external rotation of femur at hip
Insertion: Anterior superior Iliac spine to medial tibia
Nerve: Femoral
Vasculature: femoral

51
Q

Rectus femoris function, insertion, nerve, vasculature

A

Function: Flexion of the femur at the hip, extension of the tibia at the knee
Insertion: Anterior inferior iliac spine to tibial tuberocity
Nerve: Femoral
Vasculature: femoral artery

52
Q

Vastus lateralis function, insertion, nerve, vasculature

A

Function: Extension of tibia at the knee
Insertion: Linea aspera of femur to the tibial tuberocity
Nerve: Femoral
Vasculature: Descending limb of the lateral circumflex femoral artery

53
Q

vastus intermedius function, insertion, nerve, vasculature

A

Function: Extension of tibia at the knee
Insertion: Linea aspera of femur to the tibial tuberocity
Nerve: Femoral
Vasculature: Femoral artery

54
Q

vastus medialis function, insertion, nerve, vasculature

A

Function: Extension of tibia at the knee
Insertion: Linea aspera of femur to the tibial tuberocity
Nerve: Femoral
Vasculature: femoral arter

55
Q

adductor longus function, insertion, nerve, vasculature

A

Function: Adduct femur at hip
Insertion: Pubis to linea aspera of femur
Nerve: Obturator
Vasculature: Profunda femoral artery

56
Q

adductor brevis function, insertion, nerve, vasculature

A

Function: Adduct femur at hip
Insertion: Pubis to linea aspera of femur
Nerve: Obturator
Vasculature: Profunda femoral artery

57
Q

adductor magnus function, insertion, nerve, vasculature

A

Function: Adduct femur at hip
Insertion: Pubis to linea aspera AND adductor tubercle of femur
Nerve: Obturator and sciatic
Vacsulature: Profunda femoral artery

58
Q

Gracillis function, insertion, nerve, vasculature

A

Function: Adduct femur at hip, flex tibia at knee
Insertion: Pubis to medial tibia
Nerve: Obturator
Vasculature: Medial circumflex branch of femoral artery

59
Q

Tensor fascia lata function, insertion, nerve, vasculature

A

Function: Flexion of femur at hip, abduction of femur at hip, internal rotation of femur at hip
Insertion: Iliac crest to lateral tibia
Nerve: Gluteal nerve
Vasculature: Superior gluteal artery

60
Q

gluteus maximus function, insertion, nerve, vasculature

A

Function: Extension of femur at hip, external rotation of femur at hip
Insertion: Iliosacrum to IT tract
Nerve: inferior gluteal nerve
Vasculature: Gluteal arteries

61
Q

gluteus medius function, insertion, nerve, vasculature

A

Function: Abduction of femur at hip
Insertion: Ilium to greater trochanter
Nerve: Superior gluteal nerve
Vasculature: superior gluteal artery

62
Q

gluteus minimus function, insertion, nerve, vasculature

A

Function: Abduction of femur at hip
Insertion: Ilium to greater trochanter
Nerve: Superior gluteal nerve
Vasculature: superior gluteal artery

63
Q

Piriformis function, insertion, nerve, vasculature

A

Function: Abduction of femur at hip
Insertion: Sacrum to greater trochanter
Nerve: Superior gluteal nerve
Vasculature: superior gluteal artery

64
Q

obturator internus/externus function, insertion, nerve, vasculature

A

Function: Lateral rotation of femur at hip
Insertion: Obturator foramen to greater trochanter
Nerve: Obturator
Vasculature: Obturator artery

65
Q

superior and inferior gemelli function, insertion, nerve, vasculature

A

Function: Lateral rotation of femur at hip
Insertion: Ischial spine to greater trochanter
Nerve: Obturator
Vasculature: Inferior gluteal artery

66
Q

quadratus femoris function, insertion, nerve, vasculature

A

Function: Lateral rotation of femur at hip
Insertion: Ischial spine to greater trochanter
Nerve: Obturator
Vasculature: Inferior gluteal artery

67
Q

semimembranosus function, insertion, nerve, vasculature

A

Function: Flexion of the tibia at the knee, extension of femur at the hip
Insertion: Ischial tuberosity to medial tibia
Nerve: Tibial nerve (sciatic)
Vasculature: Profunda femoral artery

68
Q

semitendinosus function, insertion, nerve, vasculature

A

Function: Flexion of the tibia at the knee, extension of femur at the hip
Insertion: Ischial tuberosity to medial tibia
Nerve: Tibial nerve (sciatic)
Vasculature: Perforating arteries

69
Q

Biceps femoris long head function, insertoin, nerve, vasculature

A

Function: Flexion of tibia at knee, extension of femur at hip
Insertion: Ischial tuberosity and femur to fibula
Nerve: Tibial nerve(sciatic)
Vasculature: Perforating arteries

70
Q

Tibialis anterior function, insertion, nerve, vasculature

A

Function: Dorsiflextion of the foot at the ankle, Inversion of foot at the ankle
Insertion: Tibia to the medial cuniform
Nerve: Deep fibular nerve
Vasculature: Anterior tibial artery

71
Q

Extensor digitorum longus function, insertion, nerve, vasculature

A

Function: Dorsiflection of foot at ankle, Extension of toes at MTP joint
Insertion: Tibia to distal phalanx digits 2-5
Nerve: Deep fibular nerve
Vasculature: Anterior tibial artery

72
Q

Extensor hallucus longus function, insertion, nerve, vasculature

A

Function: Dorsiflexion of the ankle, extension of digit 1 at MTP joint
Insertion: Tibia to distal phalanx digit 1
Nerve: Deep fibular nerve
Vasculature: Anterior tibial artery

73
Q

Fibularis tertius function, insertion, nerve, vasculature

A

Function: Dorsiflexion of foot at ankle, eversion of the foot at the ankle
Insertion: Fibula to inferior side of 5th metatarsal underside
Nerve: deep fibular nerve
Vasculature: anterior tibial artery

74
Q

Fibularis longus function, insertion, nerve, vasculature

A

Function: plantarflexion of foot at ankle, eversion of foot at ankle
Insertion: Fibula to inferior side of first metatarsal
Nerve: Superficial fibular nerve
Vasculature: Anterior tibial artery

75
Q

Fibularis brevis function, insertion, nerve, vasculature

A

Function: Plantarflexion of foot at ankle, eversion of foot at ankle
Insertion: Fibula to superior side of 5th metatarsal
Nerve: Superficial fibular nerve
Vasculature: Anterior tibial artery

76
Q

Gastrocnemius function, insertion, nerve, vasculatur

A

Function: plantarflexion of foot at ankle, flexion of tibia at knee
Insertion: Condyle of the femur to achilles tendon
Nerve: Tibial nerve
Vasculature: sural arteries

77
Q

Soleus function, insertion, nerve, vasculature

A

Function: Plantarflexion of foot at ankle
Insertion: Tibia to achilles tendon
Nerve: Tibial nerve
Vasculature: Sural arteries

78
Q

Plantaris function, insertion, nerve, vasculature

A

Function; Plantarflexion of foot at ankle
Insertion: Femur to achilles tendon
Nerve: Tibial
Vasculature: Popliteal artery

79
Q

Flexor Hallucis longus function, insertion, nerve, vasculature

A

Function: Dorsiflexion of foot at ankle, flexion of 1st toe at MTP
Insertion: tibia to distal phalanx of toe one
Nerve: Tibial
Vasculature: Posterior tibial artery

80
Q

Flexor digitorum longus function, insertion, nerve, vasculature

A

Function: Dorsiflexion of foot at ankle, flexion of 2-5 toes at MTP
Insertion: tibi to distal phalanges of toes 2-5
Nerve: tibial
Vasculature: posterior tibial artery

81
Q

Tibialis posterior function, insertion, nerve, vsaculature

A

Function: Plantarflexion of foot at ankle, Inversion of foot at ankle
Insertion: Tibia to navicular
Nerve: Tibial
Vasculature: Posterior tibial artery

82
Q

Biceps femoris short head function, insertoin, nerve, vasculature

A

Function: Flexion of tibia at knee
Insertion: Femur to fibula
Nerve: Common fibular nerve
Vasculature: Perforating arteries

83
Q

calcium and albumin relationship

A

calcium in serum is principally bonded to protein, mainly albumin, therefore serum calcium levels in patients that also have hypo or hyperalbuminemia might not reflect accurate levels, thus ionized calcium remains gold standard for assessing status esp. if diagnosis of hypocalcemia is in doubt

84
Q

HCV virus transmission

A

Primarily blood such as sharing needles or maternal to child, can be sexually transmitted mostly M2M if there is blood exposure such as through anal

85
Q

Lomotil (diphenoxylate and atropine) drug funciton

A

antidiarrheal

86
Q

Embryonic 3 germ layers and what they form

A

Ectoderm - forms epidermis and nervous sytem
Mesoderm - Muscle, bone, blood and other connective tissue
Endoderm - mucus lining of GI and respiratory tracts

87
Q

Examples of simple cuboidal epithelium

A

Found in Liver, thyroid, mammary, salivary and other glands, bronchioles, and most kidney tubules

88
Q

Examples of simple columnar epithelium

A

Inner lining of GI tract, uterus, kidney & uterine tubes

89
Q

Pseudostratified epithelium location

A

Found in respiratory system, not all cells reach surface

90
Q

Keratanized stratified sqamous epithelium location

A

The skin

91
Q

Nonkeratanized stratified squamous epithleium location

A

oral mucosa, esophagus, vagina

92
Q

Transitional epithelium location and function

A

Ureters, bladder, able to contract and expand with distension

93
Q

6 cells of connective tissue

A

1) Fibroblasts - produce fibers and ground substance
2) Macrophages - WBC phagocytose foreign material
3) Neutrophil - suicide bomber
4) Plasma cells - release antibodies
5) Mast cells - secrete histamine and heparin inhibit clotting and dilate blood vessel
6) Adipocytes - store triglycerides

94
Q

3 types of cartilage, characteristics and where they are found

A

1) Hyaline - tracheal rings, glass matrix layout
2) Elastic - external ear, elastic fibers to bounce back
3) Fibrocartilage - Meniscus, parallel collagen fibers

95
Q

Tight junction

A

Completely encircle the cell joining it to surrounding cells, zipper like pattern that prevents any substances between the cells such as in the GI and urinary tract

96
Q

Desomosomes

A

Patch between 2 cells holding them together against mechanical stress

97
Q

Gap junctions

A

Communicating junctions to allow for small solutes to pass from cell to cell

98
Q

3 mixed organs with endo and exocrine function

A

1) Liver
2) Gonads
3) Pancreas

99
Q

Holocrine glands definition

A

Secretory cells that disintegrate in order to deliver accumulated product and some cell fragments, such as oil producing cells of scalp

100
Q

Metaplasia definition

A

Changing one type of mature tissue into another

101
Q

Neoplasia definition

A

Growth of a tumor (benign or malignant)

102
Q

Atrophy vs necrosis vs apoptosis

A

Atrophy is shrinkage of cells and number of cells
Necrosis is pathological death of tissue
Apoptosis is planned cell death, cells shrink and are phagocytosed WITHOUT inflammation

103
Q

Simple squamous epithelium location

A

Alveoli, glomeruli, endothelium and serosa

104
Q

Mitosis

A

Asexual reproduction, forms 2 identical daughter cells with no mechanism for genetic diversity, undergoes Interphase, prophase, etc

105
Q

Meiosis

A

Sexual reproduction, forms 4 haploid gametes with diverse spread of genes through crossing over and homologous recombination to create egg and sperm

106
Q

Sex hormone release pathway

A

Hypothalamus -> GnRH -> pituitary gland -> gonadotropins (FSH/LH)

107
Q

Embryonic age definition

A

Number of days since fertilization

108
Q

Gestational age definition

A

Number of days since start of ovarian cycle (embryonic age + 2 weeks)

109
Q

Zygote

A

One cell stage of fertilized ovum before first cleavage occurs

110
Q

Morula

A

Ball of cells composing the early embryo that produces both the embryo and the placenta and membranes - each cell is totipotential

111
Q

Blastocyst

A

The stage that follows the morula stage. It consists of a fluid filled cavity surrounded by trophoblasts with embryoblast cells at one pole.

112
Q

Trophoblast

A

Cells outside the blastocele, becomes the placenta

113
Q

Embryoblast

A

Inner cell mast inside blastocele, becomes the embryo

114
Q

Fertilization occurs in the…

A

…distal third of the fallopian tube

115
Q

What occurs 3-4 days after ovulation

A

Entrance in the uterine cavity

116
Q

What occurs 5-6 days after ovulation

A

HCG levels rise, tropoblast releases enzymes that erode the uterine lining for implantation

117
Q

What occurs 7-12 days post ovulation

A

Trophoblast cells engulf and destroy cells of the uterine lining to create blood pools, stimulate capillary growth and develop placenta

118
Q

Where do ectopic pregnancies occur?

A

Implantation in the distal third of the fallopian tube, sometimes elsewhere as well

119
Q

Sacrococcygeal teratoma

A

Leftover primary streak containing all 3 cell types, easily removed without issue

120
Q

Why do dermatomes form the way they do?

A

They are lined up linearly on the neural fold, but projection of the limbs causes distortion of them

121
Q

Exposure to toxins within first ___ weeks causes greastest damage during development, exposure beyond that causes…

A

9…minor or small changes in the infant

122
Q

Meconium

A

product of cell loss, digestive secretion and swallowed amniotic fluid in an embryo (essentially feces)

123
Q

By how many weeks can a fetus live outside the body?

A

24-26

Professional Development (21 decks)

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