Part 7 Flashcards
If a person knows there is a health problem, and thinks and talks about doing something about it, they are probably in which stage of the transtheoretical model of behavioural change?
A. Precontemplation
B. Contemplation
C. Action
D. Preparation
D. Preparation
In the preparation stage the individual acknowledges the risk inherent in the behaviour and makes a commitment to change, such as purchasing nicotine patches, telling others of their intention or seeking professional assistance.
A person who is thinking about their alcohol problem and its health consequences by rationalising that one or two drinks is OK, is probably in which stage of the transtheoretical model of behavioural change?
A. Precontemplation
B. Action
C. Contemplation
D. Preparation
A. Precontemplation
During the precontemplation stage the person does not recognise that the behaviour poses health risks and therefore does not perceive a need to change. This may be due to lack of knowledge or information, or the person may be using denial.
A practical advantage of the transtheoretical model of behavioural change is that it:
A. helps deal with unmotivated clients
B. shows great contextual awareness of change
C. has different interventions at different stages
D. all the above
D. all the above
The transtheoretical model of behavioural change identifies the stages an individual goes through when making health behaviour changes. It identifies internal and external influencing factors, thereby identifying opportunities for intervention. It is particularly effective for changing addictive (e.g. alcohol and gambling problems) and other behaviours that pose health risks.
The health action process model predicts that a person who believes they can give up smoking is more:
A. likely to look up information on the internet
B. successful in changing
C. likely to be in the contemplation stage
D. likely to procrastinate
B. successful in changing
The health action process approach (HAPA) is a social cognition model that highlights the role of self-efficacy and addresses the ‘intention–behaviour gap’ (Schwarzer 1992) or why people do or do not complete a behaviour that they intend to complete.
What would a behavioural psychologist say about the cognitive models?
A. What is called cognition is also a behaviour that follows the same behavioural principles.
B. It is inadequate in explaining behaviour.
C. It is only partly because you cannot see cognitions, therefore they are not behaviours.
D. You can only see cognitions if you look inside the brain.
A. What is called cognition is also a behaviour that follows the same behavioural principles.
Behaviours can be overt and readily observed and counted, or covert and not readily observed, such as thoughts and feelings, which are still able to be counted and changed.
Giving people health information:
A. increases their motivation to change but leaves them in a precontemplation stage
B. overloads people
C. increases their motivation to change but does not necessarily lead to action
D. increases their motivation to change but leaves them in a preparation stage
C. increases their motivation to change but does not necessarily lead to action
Initially health education strategies utilising the health belief model do increase an individual’s motivation to engage in health-enhancing behaviours, but this does not necessarily transpire into action.
Showing frightening pictures on television of the effects of smoking uses the transtheoretical model and aims to:
A. shifts smokers from the preparation to the action stage
B. changes people’s attitudes but not beliefs
C. shifts smokers from the contemplation to the preparation stage
D. shifts smokers from the precontemplation to the contemplation stage
D. shifts smokers from the precontemplation to the contemplation stage
The precontemplation stage is that in which the person does not recognise that the behaviour poses health risks and therefore does not perceive a need to change. This may be due to lack of
knowledge or information, or the person may be using denial. While the contemplation stage is that in which the person is aware that the behaviour potentially causes health problems, he/she is ambivalent about making a commitment to change. A shift to this stage from precontemplation may be triggered by an event such as when a smoker or a close family member is diagnosed with a smoking-related health problem.
Motivational interviewing:
A. gives sound advice to people to increase motivation
B. encourages people to explore their decisions and their ability to carry out decisions
C. allows decisions to be made without backsliding
D. allows some backsliding while decisions are thought through
B. encourages people to explore their decisions and their ability to carry out decisions
In a motivational interview the individual is encouraged to explore all the beliefs and values they hold for and against a behaviour that requires change.
What do cognitive and behavioural models predict best?
A. Behavioural intention
B. Behavioural outcomes
C. Both behavioural intentions and behavioural outcomes
D. None of the above
A. Behavioural intention
Cognitive and behavioural models are better predictors of behavioural intention than they are of behavioural outcomes.
One problem with the health belief model is that it:
A. ignores the behavioural change component
B. identifies how we should change but not what exactly to change
C. tells us what to change but not how to change
D. only focuses on health beliefs
C. tells us what to change but not how to change
When the model was devised it was assumed that increased knowledge through health education programs would lead to greater participation in public health programs. However, the expected outcome of changed health behaviours following exposure to health education did not eventuate.
Understanding contingencies is a major part of:
A. behaviour/learning theories
B. the health belief model
C. cognitive persuasion theory
D. social learning theory
A. behaviour/learning theories
Specifying contingencies forms the basis of a functional analysis of behaviour. The aim of a functional analysis is to identify factors that influence the occurrence and maintenance of a particular (problem) response.
Psychology models have been criticised for not taking accoount of:
A. the influence of thinking on behaviour
B. the role of health beliefs
C. the social and political context of behaviour
D. holistic models of health
C. the social and political context of behaviour
Psychological models do not take into account where the person is located in the lifespan or the social contexts of individuals’ lives. Social factors that are not specifically considered in psychological behaviour-change theories include socioeconomic status, social connectedness, gender, ethnicity and culture.
Cognitive behavioural therapies focus on:
A. thoughts and behaviour
B. feelings and thoughts
C. feelings, thoughts and behaviour
D. thoughts and cognitions
C. feelings, thoughts and behaviour
Cognitive behavioural therapies (CBT) refer to a range of interventions that utilise both cognitive and behavioural strategies to bring about changes in an individual’s behaviours and to treat some mental illnesses (including but not limited to depression, anxiety, phobias and schizophrenia), chronic illness (e.g. chronic fatigue syndrome) and to manage behavioural problems such as addictive behaviours.
Behavioural psychologists look closely at the antecedent and consequence context for understanding behaviour.
A. True
B. False
A. True
Behavioural psychologists examine the relationship between behaviour and environmental events, that is, the antecedents and consequences that influence behaviour.
Motivational interviewing is concerned with giving good advice rather than simplifications.
A. True
B. False
B. False
Miller and Rollnick (2002) initially developed motivational interviewing as a therapeutic intervention for use with people who had addictive behaviours such as drug, alcohol or gambling problems but is now used for a wide range of health issues. It shares similarities with the transtheoretical model of behaviour change (TTM) in that both interventions aim to encourage the individual to recognise the need for change, and then to take action to bring about change.
