Part 2 Flashcards
The study of how people think is called:
A. psychophysiology
B. thinkology
C. cognition
D. contextualism
C. cognition
The study of cognition examines the process of thought.
A parenting style that is unaccepting or unresponsive to the needs of children is known as:
A. neglectful or uninvolved
B. authoritative
C. permissive
D. authoritarian
A. neglectful or uninvolved
Neglectful or uninvolved parenting is unaccepting or being unresponsive to the child and not trying to control them.
The first stage of Erik Erikson’s theory is related to the:
A. development of identity versus role confusion
B. development of zones of proxies
C. ability to respond to antecedents
D. development of trust or mistrust in people and the world
D. development of trust or mistrust in people and the world
During infancy, according to Erikson, the main hurdle is to develop a basic sense of trust in people and the world, as against a basic mistrust.
The social context was really important for which theorist?
A. Lev Vygotsky
B. B F Skinner
C. Erik Erikson
D. Jean Piaget
A. Lev Vygotsky
What Vygotsky and others suggested was that the ‘hidden’ environmental factors that bring about developmental changes, but which are hard to see, are social ones – that is, the so-called internal cognitive changes and stages depend upon social relationships – hence, his theory is known as a sociocultural theory.
Piaget’s concrete operational stage is generally associated with children at what age group?
A. 0–4 years
B. 8–11 years
C. 12–25 years
D. 65–85 years
B. 8–11 years
The ages associated with these stages are: sensorimotor (0–2 years), preoperational (3–7 years), concrete operational (8–11 years) and formal operational (12–adulthood).
If we were to say that a child who is excessively active with a seeming inability to sit still for very long has attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and that this disorder causes the behaviour, this would be called:
A. mediationism
B. a mental disorder
C. determinism
D. spirit possession
A. mediationism
Mediationism is an approach where behaviour is believed to be ‘mediated’ by something else, for example, a disorder or some physiological condition.
Researchers who applied Piaget’s theory to children’s understanding of health and illness were:
A. Skinner and Erikson
B. Vygotsky and Guerin
C. Bibace and Walsh
D. Barkway and Guerin
C. Bibace and Walsh
Bibace and Walsh (1980) applied Piaget’s theories to children’s concepts of illness and a body of research in this area has followed (e.g. Lin et al 2008, Olson et al 2007).
A theoretical approach in which the behaviour we observe is determined by past history is known as:
A. determinism
B. historism
C. behaviourism
D. freaky
A. determinism
Determinism is theorising where history or past events are explored to see how they may determine or influence current behaviour.
The psychoanalyst who is probably best known for ideas about how current behaviour is determined by childhood situations is:
A. B F Skinner
B. Bernard Guerin
C. Sigmund Freud
D. Piaget
C. Sigmund Freud
Sigmund Freud is probably best known for his theories of psychoanalysis, but the broad idea he championed and strongly argued was that events that occurred in childhood determined a lot of behaviour patterns later in life (Freud 1917, also see Chapter 1).
Jean Piaget was a major proponent of what kind of theorising?
A. Sensorimotor
B. Behavioural
C. Authoritarianism
D. Cognitive
D. Cognitive
Jean Piaget (1952, 1954, 1962) was the most famous psychologist to look at how children think (cognition) and speak (language). He was not looking for environmental factors but was more interested in theoretical ideas of ‘information processing’ centres and ‘cognitive processes’ in the brain.
In which of Piaget’s stages do children begin to have words for things?
A. Preoperational
B. Concrete-operational
C. Authoritarianism
D. Sensorimotor
A. Preoperational
At the preoperational stage children begin to have words for the things around them and use those words, but this stage is ‘pre’operational, with ‘operational’ referring to ‘logic’.
B F Skinner’s main idea was that behaviour is influenced by:
A. physiology
B. the environment
C. hair colour
D. hormones
B. the environment
The environment controls behaviour, according to Skinner, rather than, for example, cognition or physiology.
Children’s development is influenced by what?
A. Almost exclusively by parenting style
B. In precise and predictable ways by parents, peers and community
C. Most heavily by peer groups
D. By parents, families and communities but there is no single model for how much these play a role
D. By parents, families and communities but there is no single model for how much these play a role
In summary, the development of children is influenced by parents, families and communities but there is no single model for how much these play a role.
One way of thinking about the mind is that the mind is not inside the body; rather, it is a name for processes of social interaction that cannot be directly seen and that occur over time.
A. True
B. False
A. True
According to this line of thinking, the mind is not inside the body; rather, it is a name for processes of social interaction that cannot be directly seen and that occur over time.
Children are ‘little adults’.
A. True
B. False
B. False
Historically, it was thought that children are ‘little adults’ with all the cognitive, emotional and psychological abilities of adults, but we now know that there are many changes in these abilities as children grow older.
