Part 1 Flashcards
The clearest example of a nurture theory is:
A. behaviourism
B. humanism
C. cognitivism
D. eclecticism
A. behaviourism
Behaviourism opposes the introspective, structuralist approach of psychoanalysis and emphasises the importance of the environment in shaping behaviour.
Four types of suicide were proposed by which theorist?
A. Sigmund Freud
B. Aaron Beck
C. Emile Durkheim
D. B F Skinner
C. Emile Durkheim
Durkheim’s classic study of suicide led him to propose a societal rather than an individual explanation for this phenomenon. He argued that suicide was not an individual act, but that it could be understood in terms of the bonds that exist between the person and society, or the regulation of the individual by social norms.
Self-actualisation was a notion originally proposed by:
A. B F Skinner
B. Carl Rogers
C. Abraham Maslow
D. Sigmund Freud
C. Abraham Maslow
As a frequently cited author in the healthcare literature, Maslow is renowned for his theory of human needs. This is often presented as a triangular figure with physiological needs at the base and self-actualisation at the apex.
The Third Force in psychology was:
A. behavioural psychology
B. humanistic psychology
C. Aaron Beck
D. Carl Jung
B. humanistic psychology
Humanistic psychology has its intellectual and social roots in philosophical humanism and existentialism, which brought psychology back to a close relationship with philosophy (Bühler & Allen 1972). This school of psychology, which became known as the Third Force, arose in response to dissatisfaction at the time with the mechanistic approach of psychoanalysis and behaviourism and the negative views of humankind that were implicit in both these theoretical perspectives.
The idea that learning occurs when events occur together regularly is known as:
A. psychoanalysis
B. operant conditioning
C. proximity
D. classical conditioning
D. classical conditioning
Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov was the first to describe the relationship between stimulus and response. Pavlov demonstrated that a dog could learn to salivate (respond) to a non-food stimulus (a bell) if the bell was simultaneously presented with the food. His discovery became known as learning by association or classical conditioning.
An unconscious process whereby libido is transformed into a more socially acceptable outlet is known as:
A. sublimation
B. projection
C. denial
D. rationalisation
A. sublimation
Sublimation is an unconscious process whereby libido is transformed into a more socially acceptable outlet (e.g. creativity, art, sport).
CBT in psychology is:
A. cognitive behavioural therapy
B. cathartic behaviour therapy
C. counselling by talking
D. cognitive Bandura’s treatment
A. cognitive behavioural therapy
In clinical practice, cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) is a frequently used counselling approach.
Psychology originated in which century?
A. 18th
B. 19th
C. 20th
D. 14th
B. 19th
Psychology is a theoretical and applied discipline that emerged in the 19th century in Europe and North America from the established disciplines of physiology and philosophy. Its principal focus is the scientific study of behaviour.
Which of the following is not one of Freud’s stages?
A. The phallic stage
B. The anal stage
C. The ego stage
D. The genital stage
C. The ego stage
Freud’s stages of psychosexual development are: oral – from birth to about 18 months, where the primary focus of the id is the mouth; anal – from approximately 18 months to three years, where libido shifts from the mouth to the anus and primary gratification is derived from expelling or retaining faeces; phallic – from approximately three to six years, where gratification of the id occurs through the genitals; latent – Freud proposed that from approximately six to 12 years, the child goes through a latency phase in which sexual urges are dormant; genital – once the child passes through puberty, sexual urges re-emerge, but now they are directed towards another person, not the self as they were at an earlier stage of development.
Client-centred therapy was championed by which person?
A. Abraham Maslow
B. Carl Rogers
C. Martin Seligman
D. Adam Sandler
B. Carl Rogers
Client-centred therapy is the counselling model that Rogers developed to assist the individual to overcome these harmful effects and take responsibility for their life.
The belief that you can achieve a certain goal (your self-efficacy) was emphasised by which theorist?
A. Albert Bandura
B. B F Skinner
C. Aaron Beck
D. Sigmund Freud
A. Albert Bandura
According to Bandura it is not intrapsychic or environmental forces alone that influence behaviour. Rather, human behaviour results from the interaction of the environment with the individual’s perception and thinking. Self-efficacy, or the belief that one can achieve a certain goal, is the critical component in the achievement of that goal.
For Maslow, which of the following is highest on the triangle of human needs?
A. Self-esteem
B. Psychological
C. Self - Actualisation
D. Sex
C. Self - Actualisation
As a frequently cited author in the healthcare literature, Maslow is renowned for his theory of human needs. This is often presented as a triangular figure with physiological needs at the base and self-actualisation at the apex.
The primitive biological force comprising the basic drives – sexual and aggressive – is known as:
A. the id
B. the ego
C. the superego
D. sexual frustration
A. the id
The id operates on the pleasure principle and seeks to satisfy life-sustaining needs such as food, love and creativity, in addition to sexual gratification.
Martin Seligman claimed that depression occurs because of:
A. excess consumption of alcohol
B. learned optimism
C. dopaminergic dysregulation
D. repeated experiences of helplessness
D. repeated experiences of helplessness
Seligman’s theory suggests that if an individual experiences adversity and all attempts to alleviate the situation are unsuccessful, then depression follows.
Which of the following are forms of learning in behavioural theory?
A. Classical conditioning and motivational interviewing
B. Operant conditioning and modelling
C. Modelling and client-centred therapy
D. Learned optimism and psychoanalysis
A. Classical conditioning and motivational interviewing
Behaviourism opposes the introspective, structuralist approach of psychoanalysis and emphasises the importance of the environment in shaping behaviour. The focus is on observable behaviour and conditions that elicit and maintain the behaviour (classical conditioning) or factors that reinforce behaviour (operant conditioning) or vicarious learning through watching and imitating the behaviour of others (modelling).
