Part 10 Flashcards
Stress as a process means stress:
A. triggers a process via cortisol
B. triggers a process via catecholamines
C. is a transaction between the individual and their environment
D. none of the above
C. is a transaction between the individual and their environment
Lazarus’s theory proposes that stress is a transaction between the individual and their environment. The transaction involves the individual making a cognitive assessment (appraisal) of the demands of the stressor and the coping resources available to him or her. Lazarus distinguished between stressors that are negative (distress) and positive stressors (eustress).
Stress can be appraised in terms of:
A. distress
B. relevance
C. eustress
D. all the above
D. all the above
In appraising the event or situation, the individual will interpret it in one of three ways. They will decide if the event is: relevant or irrelevant to them; benign or positive (eustress); or threatening or harmful (distress).
In the cognitive appraisal model, a strong reaction to stress depends upon:
A. coping ability
B. social network for support
C. perceived abilities to respond
D. physiological health
C. perceived abilities to respond
Cognitive appraisal is the term used to describe the process of perceiving the stressor and of judging one’s ability to manage or respond to the stressor.
Which of these is true?
A. Stress is always bad.
B. Stress is everywhere.
C. You can be stressed with no symptoms.
D. You need to deal with the major symptoms of stress.
C. You can be stressed with no symptoms.
Absence of symptoms does not mean the absence of stress. In fact, camouflaging symptoms with medication may deprive you of the signals you need for reducing the strain on your physiological and psychological systems.
Long-term physical effects of stress include:
A. excessive sweating
B. lack of concentration
C. impaired immunity
D. all the above
C. impaired immunity
Stress can impact a person’s health both physically, psychologically or both, and can have short- or long-term consequences. Physical outcomes include impaired immunity, vulnerability to infection, and increased risk for cancer and cardiovascular diseases and autoimmune diseases.
The multidisciplinary scientific study of the relationship between the nervous system and the immune system is called:
A. neuroimmunology
B. neuroendocrineimmunology
C. psychoneuroimmunology
D. immunology
C. psychoneuroimmunology
Psychoneuroimmunology is the multidisciplinary scientific study of the relationship between the nervous system and the immune system. The term psychoneuroimmunology was coined by George Solomon in 1964, but it would be another decade before research in the field became widespread. This occurred in the 1970s following a finding by Robert Ader, an American psychiatrist, that the immune system of rats could be suppressed through the use of classical
conditioning (see Chapter 1). Ader published these findings with his colleague, Cohen (Ader & Cohen 1975).
Prolonged stress can lead to:
A. immunosuppression
B. changes in the nervous system
C. changes in behaviour
D. all the above
D. all the above
Psychological consequences of excessive and prolonged stress include cognitive, emotional and behavioural problems and in extreme circumstances can lead to disorders like anxiety, depression or risky health behaviours such as drug and alcohol abuse.
What are symptoms of burnout?
A. Exhaustion, cynicism and hyperventilation
B. Cynicism, hyperventilation and hyperactivity
C. Hyperactivity, cynicism and lowered self-efficacy
D. Exhaustion, cynicism and lowered self-efficacy
D. Exhaustion, cynicism and lowered self-efficacy
Burnout is a psychological syndrome characterised by emotional exhaustion, cynicism and a diminished sense of self-efficacy.
What are symptoms of workplace stress?
A. Alcohol abuse, emphysema and liver disease
B. Heart disease, kidney failure and emphysema
C. Hypertension, kidney failure and alcohol abuse
D. Alcohol abuse, heart disease and hypertension
D. Alcohol abuse, heart disease and hypertension
Serious consequences of chronic workplace stress include hypertension, coronary heart disease and alcohol abuse. People who work in close relationship with others, such as health professionals, are particularly vulnerable to burnout (Glasberg et al 2007).
Post-traumatic stress disorder is a ___________ problem.
A. physiological
B. psychological
C. social
D. all the above
D. all the above
Post-traumatic stress disorder is a serious, debilitating mental illness that affects some people who experience or witness an extremely traumatic stressful event – one that is outside the realm of usual human experience and involves the threat of death or serious injury.
Lazarus and Folkman separate coping strategies into which two categories?
A. Emotion-focused and efficacy-focused
B. Efficacy-focused and problem-focused
C. Emotion-focused and problem-focused
D. None of the above
C. Emotion-focused and problem-focused
Lazarus and Folkman describe coping strategies as the cognitive and behavioural strategies that the individual utilises to manage the demands perceived to challenge or exceed the individual’s resources (Lazarus & Folkman 1984).
According to Lazarus and Folkman what are positive ways to manage stress?
A. Emotion-focused strategies
B. Problem-focused strategies
C. Avoid the stressor
D. Emotion- and problem-focused strategies
D. Emotion- and problem-focused strategies
Coping strategies are the action an individual takes in response to stress. Lazarus and Folkman separate coping strategies into two categories: emotion-focused and problem-focused. In using either or both of these coping strategies the individual is active not passive and enters a process of engagement with the stressor, which they called a transaction.
Perceived stress leads to immune weakness, which can lead to illness.
A. True
B. False
A. True
Ader and Cohen’s (1975) evidence that immune functioning could be affected by the manipulation of psychological processes was a significant milestone in psychoneuroimmunology research.
If you drink lots of coffee your attention span gets better.
A. True
B. False
B. False
Only up to a point, then it reverses. The individual’s performance increases to a maximum point after which performance reduces.
Major life events that affect stress are negative.
A. True
B. False
B. False
Desired events like a promotion at work and getting married produce similar physical and psychological reactions, as do unwelcome events like redundancy and divorce.
