Part 5 Flashcards
Nonpolar
substance lacking completely or partially separated charges that can be dissolved in lipids
Nucleoside
similar to nucleotide, but contains no phosphate group
Nucleotide
building block of nucleic acids formed by purine or pyrimidine base, a ribose or deoxyribose sugar, and phosphate group
Oligodendrocyte
myelinating cells of the central nervous system (CNS)
Osmosis
diffusion of water; water is moving through the membrane from the more diluted solution toward the more concentrated solution following its concentration gradient
Output of the heart
blood volume pumped by the heart into the circulation in one minute
Overshoot
part of the action potential, where the membrane potential becomes positive
Paracrine communication
communication in which the signal reaches the target cell through the interstitial space
Paravertebral ganglia
chain of ganglia connected with nerve trunks along the spinal cord that contains sympathetic postganglionic neurons
Peptide
short protein molecule
Peptide bond
covalent bond created by condensation (reaction releasing a water molecule) of the amino and carboxyl group of two amino acids
Peripheral (extrinsic) protein
protein associated to the external or internal surface of the cell membrane
Permeability
ability of a compound to cross the membrane; it depends on the characteristics of the compound and of the membrane
Phagocyte
a cell that engulfs other cells, microorganism or other foreign particles
Phagocytosis, pinocytosis
forms of endocytosis to take up solid particles or fluid into the cell
Phosphoglyceride
glycerol-based phospholipids. They are the main component of biological membranes.
Phospholipid
phosphorus-containing lipid
Phosphorylation
incorporation of a phosphate group into an organic molecule
Plateau
characteristic period in the action potential of the heart muscle cell, during which membrane potential is relatively constant
Pneumothorax
collapse of the lung due to a puncture that penetrates the pleural cavity
Poiseuille´s law
equation describing the laminar flow of fluids in rigid tubes as the function of pressure difference, tube diameter and length, and viscosity
Polar
having a strong affinity for water
Polypnea
rapid breathing
Polysaccharides
macromolecules built up by simple sugar molecules
Postganglionic neuron
autonomic neuron located in a peripheral ganglion that receives input from preganglionic neurons and synapses onto target organs
Posttetanic potentiation
increased efficacy of synaptic transmission following presynaptic stimulation at a high frequency
Precapillary sphincter
muscluar ring at the origion of capillaries regulating blood flow in the capillary
Preganglionic neuron
autonomic neuron located in the central nervous system that sends an axon into the periphery and synapses onto postganglionic cells
Pressor area (center)
area in the dorsolateral reticular formation of the medulla; its excitation increase heart rate, constrict vessels, thus increases blood pressure through sympathetic fibers
Primary structure of proteins
sequence of amino acids building up the molecule
Projection neuron
nerve cell with a long axon running to remote targets
Protein
macromolecule built up by amino acids
Protein kinase
enzyme catalyzing the transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to a protein
Pseudounipolar neuron
nerve cell with one process that branches near to the cell body forming two equivalent neurits
Pulse volume
volume of blood pumped by the heart into the circulation during one systole
Purines
compounds based on a two-ring structure containing five C and four N atoms; adenine and guanine, bases in nucleic acids are purine compounds
Purkinje fibers
modified heart muscle fibers conducting excitation from the bundle of His to the myocardium of the ventricles
Pyrimidines
compounds based on a ring containing four C and two N atoms; uracil, thymidine and cytosine, bases in nucleic acids are pyrimidine compunds
Quantal release
transmitter substances are released in small packages (quanta) from the synaptic terminal
Quaternary structure of proteins
spatial arrangement of peptide chains and non-peptide components of a protein
Refractory period
period during and immediately after an action potential in which the membrane cannot be excited absolute refractory period) or has an elevated threshold (relative refractory period)
Repolarization
return of a membrane that has been depolarized to its resting membrane potential
Residual volume
volume of air left in the lungs after maximal expiratory effort
Resistance vessel
ability to change lumen crossectional area and influence the blood pressure
