Part 5

Question 1

Nonpolar

Answer 1

substance lacking completely or partially separated charges that can be dissolved in lipids

Question 2

Nucleoside

Answer 2

similar to nucleotide, but contains no phosphate group

Question 3

Nucleotide

Answer 3

building block of nucleic acids formed by purine or pyrimidine base, a ribose or deoxyribose sugar, and phosphate group

Question 4

Oligodendrocyte

Answer 4

myelinating cells of the central nervous system (CNS)

Question 5

Osmosis

Answer 5

diffusion of water; water is moving through the membrane from the more diluted solution toward the more concentrated solution following its concentration gradient

Question 6

Output of the heart

Answer 6

blood volume pumped by the heart into the circulation in one minute

Question 7

Overshoot

Answer 7

part of the action potential, where the membrane potential becomes positive

Question 8

Paracrine communication

Answer 8

communication in which the signal reaches the target cell through the interstitial space

Question 9

Paravertebral ganglia

Answer 9

chain of ganglia connected with nerve trunks along the spinal cord that contains sympathetic postganglionic neurons

Question 10

Peptide

Answer 10

short protein molecule

Question 11

Peptide bond

Answer 11

covalent bond created by condensation (reaction releasing a water molecule) of the amino and carboxyl group of two amino acids

Question 12

Peripheral (extrinsic) protein

Answer 12

protein associated to the external or internal surface of the cell membrane

Question 13

Permeability

Answer 13

ability of a compound to cross the membrane; it depends on the characteristics of the compound and of the membrane

Question 14

Phagocyte

Answer 14

a cell that engulfs other cells, microorganism or other foreign particles

Question 15

Phagocytosis, pinocytosis

Answer 15

forms of endocytosis to take up solid particles or fluid into the cell

Question 16

Phosphoglyceride

Answer 16

glycerol-based phospholipids. They are the main component of biological membranes.

Question 17

Phospholipid

Answer 17

phosphorus-containing lipid

Question 18

Phosphorylation

Answer 18

incorporation of a phosphate group into an organic molecule

Question 19

Plateau

Answer 19

characteristic period in the action potential of the heart muscle cell, during which membrane potential is relatively constant

Question 20

Pneumothorax

Answer 20

collapse of the lung due to a puncture that penetrates the pleural cavity

Question 21

Poiseuille´s law

Answer 21

equation describing the laminar flow of fluids in rigid tubes as the function of pressure difference, tube diameter and length, and viscosity

Question 22

Polar

Answer 22

having a strong affinity for water

Question 23

Polypnea

Answer 23

rapid breathing

Question 24

Polysaccharides

Answer 24

macromolecules built up by simple sugar molecules

Question 25

Postganglionic neuron

Answer 25

autonomic neuron located in a peripheral ganglion that receives input from preganglionic neurons and synapses onto target organs

Question 26

Posttetanic potentiation

Answer 26

increased efficacy of synaptic transmission following presynaptic stimulation at a high frequency

Question 27

Precapillary sphincter

Answer 27

muscluar ring at the origion of capillaries regulating blood flow in the capillary

Question 28

Preganglionic neuron

Answer 28

autonomic neuron located in the central nervous system that sends an axon into the periphery and synapses onto postganglionic cells

Question 29

Pressor area (center)

Answer 29

area in the dorsolateral reticular formation of the medulla; its excitation increase heart rate, constrict vessels, thus increases blood pressure through sympathetic fibers

Question 30

Primary structure of proteins

Answer 30

sequence of amino acids building up the molecule

Question 31

Projection neuron

Answer 31

nerve cell with a long axon running to remote targets

Question 32

Protein

Answer 32

macromolecule built up by amino acids

Question 33

Protein kinase

Answer 33

enzyme catalyzing the transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to a protein

Question 34

Pseudounipolar neuron

Answer 34

nerve cell with one process that branches near to the cell body forming two equivalent neurits

Question 35

Pulse volume

Answer 35

volume of blood pumped by the heart into the circulation during one systole

Question 36

Purines

Answer 36

compounds based on a two-ring structure containing five C and four N atoms; adenine and guanine, bases in nucleic acids are purine compounds

Question 37

Purkinje fibers

Answer 37

modified heart muscle fibers conducting excitation from the bundle of His to the myocardium of the ventricles

Question 38

Pyrimidines

Answer 38

compounds based on a ring containing four C and two N atoms; uracil, thymidine and cytosine, bases in nucleic acids are pyrimidine compunds

Question 39

Quantal release

Answer 39

transmitter substances are released in small packages (quanta) from the synaptic terminal

Question 40

Quaternary structure of proteins

Answer 40

spatial arrangement of peptide chains and non-peptide components of a protein

Question 41

Refractory period

Answer 41

period during and immediately after an action potential in which the membrane cannot be excited absolute refractory period) or has an elevated threshold (relative refractory period)

Question 42

Repolarization

Answer 42

return of a membrane that has been depolarized to its resting membrane potential

Question 43

Residual volume

Answer 43

volume of air left in the lungs after maximal expiratory effort

Question 44

Resistance vessel

Answer 44

ability to change lumen crossectional area and influence the blood pressure