Part 2

Question 1

Cellulose

Answer 1

polysaccharide built up of glucose molecules forming straight chains

Question 2

Choroid plexus

Answer 2

plexus of cells that produces the cerebrospinal fluid in the ventricles of the brain.

Question 3

Cis and trans position

Answer 3

on the same or on the opposite side

Question 4

CoA, coenzyme A

Answer 4

coenzyme built around the adenine nucleotide

Question 5

Collagen

Answer 5

protein, main component of the collagen fibers

Question 6

Collateral processes

Answer 6

branches of an axon terminating in locations other than the major target location

Question 7

Colloid osmotic pressure

Answer 7

osmotic pressure generated by blood proteins unable to penetrate through the capillary wall

Question 8

Colocalization

Answer 8

simultaneous presence of two transmitters or a transmitter and a neuromodulator in the same synaptic vesicle

Question 9

Compartmentalization

Answer 9

division of a space with limiting surfaces into subspaces with limited exchange of materials

Question 10

Compensatory pause

Answer 10

longer than normal pause between two heart beats following an extrasystole

Question 11

Competitive inhibition

Answer 11

reversible inhibition caused by a molecule that can bind to the same active site of an enzyme, receptor or transporter as the inhibited molecule

Question 12

Complement system

Answer 12

protein molecules responsible for the elimination of the antigen-antibody complex

Question 13

Concentration gradient

Answer 13

the gradual difference in concentration of a dissolved substance in a solution between a region of high density and one of lower density.

Question 14

Conductance

Answer 14

the greater the resistance, the less the conductance, and vice versa

Question 15

Conformational change

Answer 15

transient, reversible change in the spatial structure of a protein molecule

Question 16

Contractility

Answer 16

ability for shortening

Question 17

Convection

Answer 17

bulk flow, movement of substances caused by pressure differences

Question 18

Covalent bond

Answer 18

a chemical bond that involves the sharing of electron pairs between atoms.

Question 19

Decremental transmission

Answer 19

electrical signal transmission in which signals are conducted with exponentially decreasing amplitude in space

Question 20

Denaturation

Answer 20

usually irreversible change in the conformation of protein molecules

Question 21

Dendrite

Answer 21

fine process of a neuron that typically provide the main receptive area for synaptic inputs from other neurons

Question 22

Depolarization

Answer 22

a change within a cell, during which the cell undergoes a shift in electric charge distribution, resulting in less negative charge inside the cell.

Question 23

Depressor area (center)

Answer 23

collection of neurons located caudally and medially from the pressor area in the medulla decreasing blood pressure by the inhibition of the pressor area and by the excitation of the vagal efferents running to the heart

Question 24

Diaphragm

Answer 24

dome-shaped muscle separating the thoracic and abdominal cavities in mammals

Question 25

Diastole

Answer 25

the phase in the heartbeat during which the myocardium is relaxed and the ventricles are filling with blood

Question 26

Diffusion

Answer 26

random thermal movement of atoms, molecules and ions from sites with higher concentration toward sites with lower concentration

Question 27

Dipole

Answer 27

a molecule having separate regions of net negative and net positive charge

Question 28

Disaccharides

Answer 28

double sugar molecule formed by two single sugars

Question 29

Disulfide linkage

Answer 29

a bond between two sulfide groups (side chains of cystein amino acids) determining the structure of proteins

Question 30

Donnan equilibrium

Answer 30

electrochemical equilibrium that develops when two solutions are separated by a membrane permeable to only some of the ions in the solutions

Question 31

Dorsal root ganglion

Answer 31

a cluster of nerve cell bodies (a ganglion) in a posterior root of a spinal nerve. The dorsal root ganglia contain the cell bodies of sensory neurons (afferent).

Question 32

Dyspena

Answer 32

labored, difficult breathing

Question 33

Edema

Answer 33

accumulation of fluid in the interstitial space

Question 34

Effector protein

Answer 34

protein transmitting the effect of G-protein activation in the cell

Question 35

Einthoven leads

Answer 35

standard way of electrode positioning for recording ECG in humans

Question 36

Electrical synapse

Answer 36

alternate name for gap junctions between excitable cells through which small molecules, thus ions carrying excitation can pass

Question 37

Electrochemical potential

Answer 37

combined effect of the electrical and concentration gradients on an ion

Question 38

Electronegativity

Answer 38

describes the tendency of an atom or a functional group to attract electrons towards itself

Question 39

Electrostatic interaction

Answer 39

attraction between oppositely charged ions or parts of larger molecules

Question 40

Electrotonic transmission

Answer 40

responsible for increasing the voltage of the nerve cell body enough to reach threshold and trigger an action potential

Question 41

Elimination

Answer 41

inactivation of a signal molecule

Question 42

Embolism

Answer 42

blockade of a vessel by an air bubble or blood clot originating at a different part of the circulatory system

Question 43

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

Answer 43

Large internal store of Ca++ ions in the muscle fiber

Question 44

Saturation

Answer 44

Characteristic feature of protein mediated transport processes - by increasing the concentration of the molecules to be transported the transport speed decreases as most of the transporter molecules tend to be occupied after a certain concentration

Question 45

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

Answer 45

large internal store of Ca++ ions in the muscle fibers

Question 46

Saturation

Answer 46

characteristic feature of proten mediated transport processes - by increasing the concentration of the molecules to be transported the transport speed decreases as most of the transporter molecules tend to be occupied after a certain concentration