Part 3 Flashcards
Endocrine communication
the signal uses the bloodstream as a channel to reach the target cells
Endocytosis
entrance of substances into the cell by membrane invagination to form an internal vesicle
Endothelium
single cell layer forming the internal lining of blood vessels
Eosinophil granulocyte
white blood cell containing vesicles stained by eosin (acidic stain)
Equilibrium
lowest energy state of a system that may result from opposing forces arising from within the system
Eupnea
normal breathing
Evans blue
blue stain that cannot penetrate the capillary wall: used for measuring the blood volum
Exocytosis
transport of substances stored in internal vesicles from the cell to the surroundings by fusion of the vesicles with the cell membrane
Expirational reserve volume
additional volume that can be expired at the end of a normal expiration
Extrasystole
excitation and contraction of the heart not corresponding to the normal sinus rhythm
Faciliated diffusion
passive transport of a molecule across a membrane along the concentration gradient thus not using energy, but requiring a transporter to help the passage of the molecule
Facilitation
temporal increase of synaptic efficacy due to preceding activation of that synapse
FAD
flavin-adenin-dinucleotid, coenzyme
Fabrillation
rapid, irregular, unsynchronized contraction of muscle fibers in the atria or ventricles of the heart
Fibrinogen
protein component of the blood plasma; its polymerization to fibrin is the most important step of blood coagulation
Filament
thin fiber made up of protein; sliding of actin and myosin filaments on each other explains muscle contraction
Filtration
movement of water and small molecules trough a membrane (capillary wall) because of the pressure difference
Fluid mosaic model
according to this model, biological membranes are built up of a lipid bilayer in which protein molecules can easily move (float) in the horizontal direction
Fructose
ketohexose found in honey and many fruits
Functional residual capacity
volume of air remaining in the lungs at the end of a normal expiration
Functional syncytium
heart muscle cells, form a functional unit because of the electrical synapses (gap junctions) between them
Globulin
Globulins are a group of proteins within the blood. They are produced by the liver and the immune system. (e.g. hemoglobin)
Glucose
aldohexose, the the cell´s primary metabolic fuel: blood sugar
Glycogen
highly branched glucose polymer found in animals (“animal starch”)
Glycolipid
a lipid containing carbohydrate groups, in most cases galactose
Glycoprotein
a protein containing carbohydrate groups
Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz equation
approximate description of the resting membrane potential, based on the concentration and permeability of the three most important diffusible ions (Na+, K+, Cl-)
G-protein
GTP-binding protein at the inner surface of plasma membranes; plays a critical role in signal transduction
Granulocyte
white blood cells with multilobed nuclei and cytoplasmic granules whose staining is used to differentiate between the three basic types: neutrophil, basophil and eosinophil
GTP
guanonsine triphosphate, energy-rich nucleotide, like ATP
Hematocrit
percentage of total blood volume occupied by (mostly red) blood cells, in humans it its normally between 40-50%
Homeostasis
maintenance of the relative internal stability by physiological control systems
Hydration
water molecules surround polar molecules and ions shielding off their charges and ensuring that they remain in the solution
Hydrogen-bond
weak interaction between an H-atom bound to a highly electronegative atom (O,N) in a molecule and another highly electronegative atom (O, N) in the same or a different molecule
Hydrophilic (lipophobic)
polar or charged molecule that is unable to interact with water molecules, thus insoluble in water
Hydrophobic (lipophilic)
nonpolar molecule that is unable to interact with water molecules, thus insoluble in water
Hyperpnea (hyperventilation)
increased lung ventilation
Hyperpolarization
a shift of the resting membrane potential toward more negative values - an increase
Hyperventilation
hyperventilation is rapid or deep breathing that can occur with anxiety or panic.
Hypopolarization
a shift of the resting membrane potential toward less negative values - a decrease
Immunoglobulin
large, Y-shaped protein produced by the body that specifically binds to antigens
Inspirational reserve volume
additional volume that can be inspired at the end of a normal inspiration
Internode
space along a myelinated axon that is covered by a myelinating glial cell (Schwann cell or oligodendrocyte)
