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Physiology and anatomy > Part 4 > Flashcards

Part 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Interstitial space

A

tissue space between cells

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2
Q

Intrinsic (intergral) protein

A

membrane protein spanning the membrane from one surface to the other

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3
Q

Ion channel (leakage, voltage-dependent, ligand-dependent)

A

pore enabling passage of ions through the membrane; it is formed by intrinsic membrane proteins and is either continuously open (leakage) or opened by a change of membrane potential or by the binding of a ligand (signal) molecule

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4
Q

Ion pump

A

active transport process moving ions through the membrane using energy stored in ATP molecules

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5
Q

Isometric (isovolumic) concentration (in the heart)

A

contraction of the ventricles while valves are closed and volume is constant

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6
Q

Isometric (isovolumic) relaxation

A

relaxation of the ventricles while valves are closed and volume is constant

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7
Q

Isometric contraction

A

contraction of muscles at constant length when only tension changes

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8
Q

Isotonic contraction

A

contraction of muscles at constant tension when only length changes

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9
Q

Isotropic

A

optically homogenous material, transmission is independent of the plane of the polarized light

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10
Q

Keto-sugar

A

sugar containing a ketone group (e.g. fructose)

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11
Q

Lactose

A

disaccharide formed by glucose and galactose molecules

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12
Q

Laminar flow

A

movement of a fluid or air, during which layers are sliding smoothly on each other

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13
Q

Ligand

A

signal molecule that can specifically bind to a receptor

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14
Q

Lipids

A

compounds soluble in nonpolar solvents

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15
Q

Lipoprotein

A

protein molecules containing lipid groups

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16
Q

Long term potentiation (LTP)

A

long lasting increase of efficacy in a synapse following strong stimulation in some parts of the CNS

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17
Q

Lymphocyte

A

white blood cell responsible for the production of antibodies

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18
Q

Maximal ejection

A

part of the heart cycle following the opening of the semilunar valves during systole

19
Q

Mean electrical axis

A

direction of the electrical vector of the heart at the peak of the R-wave

20
Q

Memory cell

A

lymphocyte specialized for the long-term storage of the code to synthesize an antibody

21
Q

Metarteriole

A

vessel connecting arterioles and venules from which true capillaries originate

22
Q

Microvilli

A

small, fingerlike protrusions of the apical membrane increasing the surface of some epithelial cells

23
Q

Miniature end-plate potential

A

small depolarizations of the postsynaptic terminal caused by the release of a single vesicle into the synaptic clef

24
Q

Mitral valve

A

bicuspid valve between the left atrium and ventricle

25
Q

Monocyte

A

large white blood cell with phagocyte function

26
Q

Monosaccharide

A

simple sugar

27
Q

Multipolar neuron

A

nerve cell with many processes

28
Q

Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor

A

ACh receptor at which muscarine mimics the effect of acetylcholine

29
Q

Muscle twitch

A

contraction and relaxation caused by a single action potential in the muscle

30
Q

Myelin sheet

A

insulation around axons formed by Schwann cells or oligodendrocytes wrapping the axon into 50-100 layers of membrane

31
Q

Myofibril

A

a longitudinal unit of a muscle fiber, made up of sacromeres and surrounded by sarcoplasmic reticulum

32
Q

Myoglobin

A

iron-containing oxygen-binding protein molecule in the muscles resembling hemoglobin

33
Q

NAD

A

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, a coenzyme

34
Q

Nerst equation

A

equation for calculating electrochemical equilibrium conditions

35
Q

Neurit

A

processes of neuronal cells

36
Q

Neurocrine communication

A

communication in which the signal reaches the target cell through the synaptic cleft

37
Q

Neuromodulator

A

signal molecule changing neuronal functions; it usually has a broader and longer lasting effect than the neurotransmitters

38
Q

Neuromuscular endplate

A

synapse between the motorneuron and the muscle fiber

39
Q

Neurotransmitter (mediator)

A

signal molecule interacting with receptors in the postsynaptic membrane and usually modifying the membrane potential of the postsynaptic cell

40
Q

Neutrophil granulocyte

A

white blood cell containing vesicles stained by neutral stains

41
Q

Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor

A

ACh receptor at which nicotine mimics the effect of acetylcholine

42
Q

Nissl substance

A

characteristic component of nerve cells corresponding to rough endoplasmic reticulum

43
Q

Node of Ranvier

A

periodic gap between two Schwann cells along an axon

44
Q

Non-covalent bonds or weak forces

A

supplemental, but important interactions between and within biological molecules: electrostatic (ionic) bond, H-bond, van der Waals interaction

Physiology and anatomy (6 decks)

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