Part 1

Question 1

Actin and myosin

Answer 1

proteins responsible for the muscle contraction

Question 2

Active transport

Answer 2

energy-requiring translocation of a substance across a membrane against its electrochemical gradient

Question 3

Afterhyperpolarization

Answer 3

hyperpolarization following an action potential

Question 4

Agonist

Answer 4

a substance that have the same effect on a receptor as the mediator or transmitter

Question 5

Albumin

Answer 5

largest protein fraction in the blood plasma, mainly responsible for the colloid osmotic pressure of the plasma

Question 6

Aldo-sugar

Answer 6

sugar containing an aldehyde group (eg. glucose)

Question 7

All-or-none response

Answer 7

regardless of the amplitude of the stimulus, if the stimulus reaches threshold an action potential will be generated

Question 8

Alpha carbon atom

Answer 8

in organic acids the C-atom closest to the carboxyl group

Question 9

Alpha helix

Answer 9

helical secondary structure of proteins stabilized by H-bonds between peptide bonds located above each other

Question 10

Alveoli

Answer 10

functional units of the lung, gases are exchanged through the walls of the alveoli

Question 11

Anisotropic substance

Answer 11

differentially transparent to polarized light depending on the plane of the light

Question 12

Annulus fibrous

Answer 12

sheet of connective tissue separating the atria from the ventricles and providing anchoring points for the valves

Question 13

Antagonist

Answer 13

a substance that inhibits the effect of a mediator or transmitter at the receptor

Question 14

Antibody

Answer 14

protein molecule produced by the lymphocytes that can specifically bind to antigens

Question 15

Antigen

Answer 15

usually a large molecule or a smaller part of it that induces immunological response in the target organism

Question 16

Apnea

Answer 16

a suspension or absence of breathing

Question 17

Arteriole

Answer 17

muscular vessel connecting arteries and capillaries

Question 18

Arteriovenous anastomosis

Answer 18

short vessels found especially in the skin, connecting arterioles and venules

Question 19

Arteriovenous oxygen difference

Answer 19

difference between the partial pressure of oxygen in the arterial and venous blood flowing to and from an organ

Question 20

ATP

Answer 20

adenosine-triphosphate, energy-rich nucleotide used as a common energy source by all cells

Question 21

Atrioventricular node

Answer 21

specialized conduction tissue in the heart at the border of the right atrium and ventricle

Question 22

Atrium

Answer 22

chamber of the heart into which venous blood is returning

Question 23

Autoimmune disease

Answer 23

develops when your immune system, which defends your body against disease, decides your healthy cells are foreign. immune system attacks healthy cells.

Question 24

Axon

Answer 24

neurit, a process of neurons specialized for the transmission of excitation

Question 25

Axonal transport

Answer 25

transport mechanism in neurons providing relatively fast movement of substances toward the axon terminal (forward) and toward the cell body

Question 26

Baroceptor reflex

Answer 26

reflex mechanism starting from baroceptors in the carotid sinus and in the aortic arch and regulating blood pressure

Question 27

Basal myogenic tone

Answer 27

in some parts of the body, vessels with a muscular wall contract in response to an increase in blood pressure to prevent an unnecessary increase in blood flow

Question 28

Basophil granulocyte

Answer 28

white blood cell containing vesicles stained by basic stains

Question 29

Beta sheet

Answer 29

two-dimensional secondary structure of proteins stabilized by H-bonds between peptide bonds on chain segments running in opposite directions.

Question 30

Bilirubin

Answer 30

end product of heme metabolism during the normal destruction of red blood cells

Question 31

Biogenic amines

Answer 31

signaling molecules synthesized in the body from amino acids by decarboxylization

Question 32

Bipolar neuron

Answer 32

neuron with two processes fulfilling the same direction

Question 33

Blood-brain-barrier

Answer 33

mechanism controlling the transparent of materials from the blood to the extracellular space of the brain

Question 34

Bronchiole

Answer 34

part of the airways containing no cartilage

Question 35

Bundle of His

Answer 35

a collection of heart muscle cells specialized for electrical conduction

Question 36

cAMP

Answer 36

cyclic adenosine monophosphate, signaling molecule

Question 37

Capacitance vessels

Answer 37

alternate name for veins because of their large compliance

Question 38

Carotid sinus

Answer 38

dilatation of the internal carotid artery at its origin, containing many baroreceptors

Question 39

Catecholamines

Answer 39

biogenic amines based on the catechol structure: dopamine (DA), norepinephrine (noradrenalin, NA), epinephrine (adrenaline, adr)

Question 40

Respiratory cardiac arrhythmia

Answer 40

changes in the sinus rhythm caused by breathing

Question 41

Saltatory conduction

Answer 41

the propagation of action potentials along myelinated axons from one node of Ranvier to the next node, increasing the conduction velocity of action potentials.

Question 42

Sarcolemma

Answer 42

membrane of the muscle fiber

Question 43

Sarcomere

Answer 43

are between two Z lines in the myofibril

Question 44

Sarcoplasm

Answer 44

cytoplasm of the muscle fiber