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Biology > Part 3 - Mutations/Lac operon/Tissues > Flashcards

Part 3 - Mutations/Lac operon/Tissues Flashcards

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1
Q

What are 5 animal tissues?

A 
Epithelium
Connective
Muscle
Nervous
Cellular junction
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2
Q

Why do mutations happen?

A

Hereditary change

Change/shift in nucleotide sequences

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3
Q

Why is there lethal mutations?

A

Vital function of the organism is altered (ex. organelle function or organ system function)

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4
Q

Why is there non-lethal mutations?

A

The functions are not altered / gene that is not activated is not an essential gene, or other gene types produce some gene product that offsets the essential gene

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5
Q

What are the types of mutations?

A

Point, Frame shift, Deletion

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6
Q

What is point mutation?

A

attCgcatc
attAgcatc
change of the nucleotide

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7
Q

What is frame shift mutation?

A

agc Ttt aag ccct
agc Gtt taa gcc t
shift

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8
Q

What is deletion mutation?

A

agc ttT aag ccc
agc tta agc cc
the nucleotide is deleted

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9
Q

What is the repair mechanism against mutations?

A

Complimentary DNA
Nucleases cut out a chunk of DNA on either sides of the mutations creating a break, DNA polymerase will insert new nucleotide instead of mutation and will will replace the incorrect nucleotide. DNA ligase will patch up the correct strand

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10
Q

What is gene control?

A

Genes are under regulatory control and moderated by regulatory proteins
Repressor protein (prevents expression) - negative control - and Activator protein (activates expression) - positive control
*think of lactose in milk that is being consumed

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11
Q

What is lactose operon?

A

Involved in the metabolism of lactose by bacteria

Lactose = glucose + galactose

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12
Q

What are the three genes to break down the sugar?

A

LacZ, LacY, LacO (LacA)
They are structural genes
must be controlled in some way

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13
Q

Negative control of the lac operon

A

low C of lactose - lac operon not active - no gene expression
due to repressor protein
high C of lactose - lac operon is active - gene expression
due to the binding between repressor and lactose
makes the protein flow away, lets the RNA polymerase to attach
as follows the C of lactose will go low - lac operon will become inactive again

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14
Q

Positive control of the lac operon

A

high C of glucose - lac operon is inactive
lactose will bind to the repressor that will flow away, but RNA polymerase cannot stay at its place, needs to be hold, so it needs activation protein - CAP (holds RNA polymerase)

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15
Q

How does CAP become activated?

A

cAMP activates CAP by binding to it

cAMP comes from ATP - from glucose through adenylate cyclase

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16
Q

Skeletal muscle

A

Contains actin and myosin
Contractile
Striated
Bone tissue only

17
Q

Cardiac muscle

A

Unique
Heart only
Striated
Striations are held together by gap junction (for efficient blood flow)

18
Q

Smooth muscle tissue

A 
non-striated
gap junctions (slow contractions of muscles for efficient peristalsis)
found in arteries
found in intestinal tract
involuntary muscles
19
Q

Connective tissue

A
  1. Soft
    Loose connective
    fibroblast, ground substance, chondroitin
    supporting epithelium and respiratory tract, provides support and protection
    Dense regulatory CT
    fibroblasts that lie in bundles with each other
    parallel layers of collagen secreted (form tendon)
    connects muscle tissue to the bone
    Dense irregular connective tissue
    fibroblast are held all over the place, overlapping with each other, dermis layer of skin
  2. Specialized
    Cartilage
    release of chondroitin
    all wrapped up in chondroitin - absorbs force (jelly layer)
    Bone
    Fibroblasts that form collagen and chondroitin that from matrix - creates Ca3(PO4)2 deposits that make the tissue very hard
    Adipose CT
    fat, fibroblasts contain a lot of lipids with droplets
    Blood
    fluid plasma, contains proteins, ions, water
    cells, various types of blood cells, platelets
20
Q

What is nervous tissue?

A

tissue that responds to the environmental alterations
external or internal
cells - neurones

21
Q

Types of neurones

A

Movement of sensory information
Monopolar - dendrite down to axon encounters cell body, down the axon to terminal button
Bipolar - direct contact through the axon or cell body
Multipolar - cell body around it fibrous dendrites receive info and transfer down to the terminal

22
Q

Types of neurones (based on function)

A

Sensory receive input and relays to another place (interneurone) then to motor neurone (activates/initiates movement/reaction)

23
Q

What does cytoplasm of the neurone contains?

A

K.
more Na in extracellular than in side, more K inside then in extracellular fluid
Two electrochemical gradients

24
Q

What is a tissue?

A

Collection of cell types that carries out a specific function
Organ is a collection of several types of tissues, but also carries outa specific function

25
Q

What is gene amplification?

A

Genes are duplicated
Multiple copies of gene product (mRNA) are produced by RNA polymerase
*for many transcripts of the gene

26
Q

Chromosome puff

A

Fruit fly
Ecdysone - nuclear membrane - DNA
Nucleosomes start to unwind due to a signal, creates chromosome puff, exposes DNA, multiple chromosomes of the genes in the strand, amplification and duplication of the genes

27
Q

What is somatotropin (growth hormone) and what is it for?

A

It binds to DNA, causes production of genes that produce proteins, which trigger mitosis
ex. injecting it into a cow makes her be both bigger and heavier

28
Q

Types of epithelial tissues?

A

Sheet structure epithelium
linings of organs, surface of organisms
External epithelium
usually referred to stratified epithelial, two layers of cells, protection role
Internal epithelium
organs, glands, simplified (1 layer), absorbs nutrients, allows wastes to be removed

29
Q

What are cell junctions and its types?

A

Tight junction
Gap junction (protein tubes formed by protein connections, cytoplasm of one junction is connected to the cytoplasm of the other - for intercellular communication)
Desmosome (Adhering Junction)
held together by tonofilaments that penetrates the membrane and makes contact with a protein deposit called plaque (anchors the filaments together)

30
Q

What are the types of epithelial cells?

A

Squamous cell
(found in capillaries, thin, flat, allows diffusion of O2 and CO2)
Columnar cell
(Lines the gut in animals, column shaped, longer and wider, tip is microvilli, exchange of materials in the lumen)
Cuboidal cell
(cube, has microvilli, associated with glands and kidneys, involved in excretion)

31
Q

What are glands types?

A

Ductless gland
(exocrine gland, releases hormones - just a chemical signal, influences the cell activity of other cell types)
Duct gland
(endocrine gland, saliva, mucous)

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