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Biology > Part 2 - Eukaryotic cell division > Flashcards

Part 2 - Eukaryotic cell division Flashcards

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1
Q

What are histones?

A

Proteins that DNA wraps around

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2
Q

What is chromatid?

A

Each arm of chromosome (Half of a chromosome)

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3
Q

What is centromere?

A

The ball in the middle between the chromatids that holds them together

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4
Q

How many chromosomes is there in humans?

A

46

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5
Q

What are somatic cells?

A

Any cell that is haploid and is not a gamete. It has two homologous chromosomes

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6
Q

What are homologous chromosomes?

A

It is two chromosomes of identical structure

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7
Q

What are gametes?

A

Haploid cells that are involved in sexual reproduction.

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8
Q

What are the steps of the cell cycle and what happens during each of them?

A

Mitosis - division of the cells
G1 (growth phase 1) - No DNA synthesis, production of organelles
S phase (Synthesis phase) - DNA/protein synthesis
G2 (growth phase 2) - the cells grows and continues its regular life cycle until gets to Mitosis and the process repeats

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9
Q

What is the duration of G2 phase?

A

From 24 hours to 1 year - resting phase

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10
Q

What is mitosis?

A

Division of the nuclear of the cell. Produces diploid cells

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11
Q

What are the stages of mitosis?

A

Prophase, Prometaphase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

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12
Q

What happens during Prophase?

A

Chromatin condenses making the chromosomes visible

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13
Q

What happens during Prometaphase?

A

Nuclear envelope breaks down

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14
Q

What happens during Metaphase?

A

The chromosomes become aligned at the equatorial plane

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15
Q

What happens during Anaphase?

A

Sister chromatids separate and the resultant daughter chromosomes move toward the poles

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16
Q

What happens during Telophase?

A

Daughter chromosomes reach the poles and form two new nuclei.

17
Q

What happens during Cytokinesis in an animal cell?

A

Microfilaments wrap around the middle of the cell pulling on the edges of the cell eventually forming a cleavage furrow, which eventually splits the cell right in half producing two diploid cells

18
Q

What happens during Cytokinesis in a plant cell?

A

The cell forms cellulose between the two separate areas. Cell plate formed between the two, and then the cell wall is formed between them as well. Later the cell wall cracks in two forming two separate cells.

19
Q

What is Meiosis?

A

The division of the gametes

20
Q

What are genes formed of?

A

Alleles. They lead to evolution

21
Q

What are the stages of Meiosis?

A

Meiosis I: Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I
Interkinesis
Meiosis II: Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, Telophase II

22
Q

What happens during Prophase I?

A

Crossing over, nuclear membrane disappears. Kinetochore microtubules move to the sides of the cell

23
Q

What happens during Metaphase I?

A

Both sets of homologous chromosomes are in the centre of the plate. Motor proteins move them there. Kinetochore microtubules contract, pulling the chromosomes in opposite direction. Non kinetochore microtubules continue to grow and push the cell apart

24
Q

What happens during Anaphase I?

A

The homologous chromosomes are being pulled apart and in separate sides, cell continues to elongate.

25
Q

What happens during Telophase I?

A

No nuclear membrane formed, two haploid cells. Cell splits

26
Q

What is Interkinesis?

A

The resting phase between Meiosis I and Meiosis II

27
Q

What happens during Prophase II?

A

Kinetochore microtubules connect to the chromosomes on either side of the cell

28
Q

What happens during Metaphase II?

A

Chromatids start to separate after being alined in the centre

29
Q

What happens during Anaphase II?

A

Chromatids separate

30
Q

What happens during Telophase II?

A

Cleavage furrow is complete, new nuclear membrane is formed between the two sub-sections

31
Q

What follows the Telophase II and what happens during it?

A

Cytokinesis follows the Telophase II and separates two cells forming two haploid cells

32
Q

What is the life cycle of animals?

A

Zygote (2N) - mitosis / multicellular (2N) - (germ cells) / Germ cells (meiosis) / gametes (egg, sperm) / fertilization

33
Q

What is the life cycle of plants?

A

Zygote (2N) - mitosis / multicellular zygote - cellular sporophyte / meiosis (splits here from diploid to haploid) / spores - mitosis / multicellular gametophyte (N) / gametes (N) - pollen, eggs / fertilization (2N) and repeat

Biology (7 decks)

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