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PNLE Personal Reviewer > Part 2 - TNB: Mother Baby > Flashcards

Part 2 - TNB: Mother Baby Flashcards

1
Q

• Stretch marks (abdomen, breasts, hips, etc.)
• May cause itching

A

Striae gravidarum

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2
Q

Brownish hyperpigmentation of the skin (cheeks, nose & forehead)

A

Chloasma “mask of pregnancy”

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3
Q

Red, mottled, blotchy appearance of the hands

A

Palmar Erythema

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4
Q

Linea nigra

A

• Means “black line”
• Presents as vertical line on belly
during pregnancy

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5
Q

Montgomery Glands/Tubercles

A

• Small rough / nodular / pimple-like
appearance of the areola (nipple)

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6
Q

Integumentary Pregnancy Physiology Changes

A
  • Striae gravidarum
  • Chloasma
  • Palmar erythema
  • Linea nigra
  • Montgomery
  • Increased hair & nail growth
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7
Q

Center of gravity shifts forward leading to an inward curve of the spine

A

Lordosis

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8
Q

Edema causes pressure on the peripheral nerves

A

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

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9
Q

The growing uterus causes stretching of the abdominal wall

A

Diastasis recti abdominis

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10
Q

Musculoskeletal Pregnancy Physiology Changes

A
  • Lordosis
  • Low back pain
  • Carpal tunnel syndrome
  • Calf cramps
  • Diastasis recti abdominis
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11
Q

Renal Pregnancy Physiology Changes

A
  • Increased GFR from increased plasma volume
  • Smooth muscle relaxation of bladder and renal pelvis
  • Increased risk for UTIs
  • Increased urgency, frequency & nocturia
  • Increased progesterone = decreased tone of bladder, ureter & urethra
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12
Q

Hematological Pregnancy Physiology Changes

A
  • Decreased hemoglobin & hematocrit
  • Increased fibrinogen
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13
Q

Why is there a decrease of hemoglobin & hematocrit during pregnancy?

A

This is due to HEMODILUTION - increased blood volume is diluting Hgb & Hct.

Plasma volume is greater than the amount of red blood cells (RBCs) = hemodilution

This results to PHYSIOLOGICAL ANEMIA.

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14
Q

What is the effect of INCREASED FIBRINOGEN?

A

Pregnant women are hypercoagulable which increases the risk for DVTs

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15
Q

Fibrinogen normal level for non-pregnant women

A

200-400 mg/dL

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16
Q

Fibrinogen level pregnant women

A

Up to 600 mg/dL

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17
Q

This hormone relaxes smooth muscle during pregnancy.

A

Relaxin & Progesterone

18
Q

This hormone aids in growth of the uterus, the placenta, growth of new blood vessels, etc.

A

Estrogen

19
Q

hCG meaning

A

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin

20
Q

What produces hCG during pregnancy and what does it do?

A

The placenta produces hCG during
pregnancy & it prevents menstruation

21
Q

Cardiovascular Pregnancy Physiologic Changes

A
  • Increased cardiac output
  • Blood pressure may stay the same or have a slight decrease
  • Increase in blood volume
  • Heart enlarges
  • Cardiac rhythm: May experience palpitations and cardiac dysrhythmias
  • Hypercoagulable: Increase risk for DVTs
22
Q

Increased in blood volume may cause…

A

Edema

23
Q

Respiratory Pregnancy Physiology Changes

A
  • Increased basal metabolic rate (BMR)
  • Increased O2 needs
  • Mild respiratory alkalosis
  • Chest increases in size to allow for fetal growth and lung expansion
  • Increased vascularity of URT
24
Q

Gastrointestinal Physiology Pregnancy Changes

A
  • Nausea & vomiting
  • Pyrosis (heartburn)
  • Constipation
  • Hemorrhoids
  • Pica (craving substances that are not considered food)
  • Swollen mouth & gums
25
Q

When is “morning sickness” most common?

A

First trimester

26
Q

What happens when there is increased progesterone?

A

Lower esophageal sphincter relaxes
Decreased gut motality

27
Q

These are drugs that can cause birth defects in the developing fetus.

A

Teratogenic Drugs

28
Q

What are TERATOGENIC DRUGS?

A

“TERA-TOWAS”
T- Thalidomide
E- epileptic medications (valproic acid, phenytoin)
R - retinoid (vit A)
A - Ace inhibitors, ARBs
T - Third element (lithium)
O - oral contraceptives
W - warfarin (coumadin)
A - Alcohol
S - sulfonamides & sulfones

29
Q

What are considered as TORCH infections (infections that can cross the placenta, harm pregnant women and the developing fetus)?

A

T - Toxoplasmosis
O - Other infections
R - Rubella
C - Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
H - Herpes simplex virus (HSV)

30
Q

The poor intake of this increases fetal risk for neural tube defects (NTDs)

A

Folic Acid

31
Q

How much folic acid should be consumed daily?

A

600-800 mcg/day

32
Q
  • Needed for tissue growth
  • Great sources of protein: lean meats, eggs, cheese, milk, nuts, legumes
A

Protein

33
Q
  • DHA intake (300 mcg/day)
  • Needed for brain development for the growing fetus
A

Omega-3 fatty acids

34
Q

How much should you gain in the first trimester?

A

About 2.2-4.4 lbs (1-2 kg)

35
Q

How much should you gain in 2nd and 3rd trimester?

A

0.5-1 lb per week

36
Q
  • Iron intake (25–30 mg/day)
  • ↑ risk for iron defi ciency due to ↑ iron requirements during pregnancy
  • Adequate intake is needed to supply the fetus with iron
A

Iron

37
Q
  • Same intake as non-pregnant (1,000 mg/day)
A

Calcium

38
Q

How many calories should be increased in first trimester?

A

No increase

39
Q

How many calories should be increased in second & third trimester?

A

Additional 300-400 calories per day

40
Q

Foods to avoid during pregnancy

A

✘ Unpasteurized milk
✘ Unwashed fruits & vegetables
✘ Deli meat
✘ Liver
✘ Raw fi sh/raw meat
✘ Fish high in mercury
(shark, tilefi sh, swordfi sh, etc.)
✘ Alcohol

41
Q

Excess amount of caffeine intake contribute to what?

A

Intrauterine Growth Restriction (IUGR)

42
Q
A

PNLE Personal Reviewer (13 decks)

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