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history: conflict & tension > part 2 > Flashcards

part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

VILNA

A

FAILURE 1920-Poland invaded Vilna as the population was largely Polish. Lithuania appealed to league but it did nothing, so Poland took Vilna.
failed to prevent military aggression

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2
Q

ALAND ISLANDS

A

SUCCESS 1921-Sweden and Finland both wanted control of the Aland Islands. They appealed to the League. The League gave the land to Finland and had successfully avoided war.

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3
Q

UPPER SILESIA

A

SUCCESS AND FAILURE 1921-25-Industrial region on the border of Poland and Germany. Both wanted control of it. Vote in 1921 to decide who would take control. Split votes and land-accepted by both countries. BUT Poles now lived in Germany, and Germany lost out on coal and income. Agreement ended in 1925, with relations between Germany and Poland worse than ever.

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4
Q

CORFU

A

FAILURE 1923-League gave decision of making Greece and Albanian borders to and Italian general. He got murdered. Mussolini demanded Greece pay compensation but Greece didn’t know the murderers. A powerful country threatened a smaller one, proving the league could be ignored.

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5
Q

GENEVA PROTOCOL

A

FAILURE 1924-Britain and France drew up the Geneva Protocol in 1924. Means they would ask council to resolve problems, they hoped it would strengthen league. Change in British government before protocol came into effect, so refused to sign it. Weakened league as Britain appeared to be disinterested and not committed.

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6
Q

BULGARIA

A

FAILURE 1925-Greece invaded Bulgaria as their troops were killed on the border. Bulgaria appealed to the league. League ordered Greece to pull out of Bulgaria. Greece thought League was hypocritical and inconsistent.

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7
Q

INTERNATIONAL LABOUR ORGANISATION

A

SUCCESS AND FAILURE-

AIM-to bring workers, employers and governments together to improve working conditions

1928-77 countries agreed to set a minimum wage
1930-helped Greece set up social insurance
Tanganyika-new railway being built used slave labour and 50% of workers died, league reduced it to 4%

1919-tried to stop children under 14 from working, but members thought it would cost too much
1935-suggested the working day should be limited to 8 hours, but only 4 members were in favour

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8
Q

COMMISION FOR REFUGEES

A

MAINLY SUCCESS-

AIM-to return prisoners of war home and support refugees by improving camp conditions and returning them home once the conflict had passed

1917-civil war in Russia left 1.5 million refugees, the league helped them find new homes
1921-league helped free 427,000 out of 500,000 prisoners of war still imprisoned from ww1
1922-Turkey vs Greece left many refugees, league set up refugee camps and sent doctors to treat diseases like cholera
Nansen Passport-identification for refugees

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9
Q

THE SLAVERY COMMISSION

A

SUCCESS-organised raids on the camps of slave traders on Sierra Leone, setting 200,000 people free. In 1927 Sierra Leone announced slavery was to be abolished.

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10
Q

THE HEALTH COMMITTEE

A

SUCCESS-started an international campaign to kill mosquitoes which spread diseases such as malaria.
Sent doctors to look after refugees in Turkey and improve living conditions in refugee camps.
Later renamed WHO, still exists today.

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11
Q

THE ABYSINNIAN CRISIS

A

FAILURE-failure of Manchuria led to this due to Mussolini seeing that the league did nothing to stop Japan. Failed due to failure to close the Suez canal, meaning Mussolini could move troops and supplies through it. CONSQUENCES-league had lost everything, Europe headed to war, members turning against them, moral condemnation didn’t work.
HOARE-LAVAL-Proof Britain and France would undermine the league for self interest

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12
Q

THE MANCHURIAN CRISIS (WHY IT WAS A FAILURE)

A

FAILURE-
- league proved to be powerless since strong nations were able to pursue aggressive acts against other countries without serious punishments
- lytton report took so long to publish so it showed the league to be slow, and appeared unbothered.
- Other dictators started to look for ways round the league.

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13
Q

THE PERMANENT CENTRAL OPIUM BOARD

A

SUCCESS AND FAILURE

AIM-to stop the creation and distribution of opium being sold illegally

Introduced a system where companies had to have a certificate to say they could import it for medical purposes.
Blacklisted four large companies involved in trading illegal drugs.

Some historians claim that key members of the league weren’t really dedicated to stopping the sale of opium as they made lots of money from it.

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14
Q

list 3 failures

A

vilna, corfu, geneva protocol, bulgaria, manchuria, abysinnia

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15
Q

list 3 successes

A

aland islands, international labour organisation, health committee, opium board, slavery commission, refugee commission

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16
Q

how did germany leave the league?

A

League had conference about arms. Hitler would disarm if all other countries also did. France refused so Hitler stormed out. He used this as an excuse to leave the league.

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17
Q

when did germany leave the league?

A

october 1933

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18
Q

what was the washington naval conference and when was it held?

A

1921-USA, Britain, France and Japan to reduce the size of the navies. Showed countries were keen on disarmament but no one wanted to reduce further. Countries attending individually showed priorities over league. No agreement on number of submarines

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19
Q

when was abysinnia

A

1935-1936

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20
Q

what was the assembly?

A

every citizen was a member of the city’s assembly, decision had to be unanimous which was difficult to achieve this, slow decision making, only met once a year, not enough

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21
Q

mains aims of the league

A
  • maintain peace using disarmament, arbitration and collective security
  • encourage co-operation
  • encourage disarming
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22
Q

failures in social issues

A

couldn’t ban slavery or child labour altogether as decisions in the assembly had to be unanimous-too many countries benefited so didn’t want the ban

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23
Q

which countries signed locarno treaties?

A

britain, italy czechoslovakia, france, germany, belgium

24
Q

weaknesses of locarno treaties

A
  • people suspicious as it didn’t cover germany’s eastern borders
  • failure of league-had nothing to do with major international agreement
25
when was kellogg-briand pact signed?
august 27th 1928
26
pact made by britain, france, italy
hoare-laval, signed 1935 - italy could invade abyssinia secretly - caused outrage when discovered - foreign ministers forced to resign - proof britain and france would undermine league for self interest
27
impact of great depression on league
- people turned to extremist parties who promised security - countries less willing to help, focused on own problems - only real weapon of league was economic sanctions, but countries would be more reluctant to stop trade during economic depression
28
what happened to league after abyssinia?
- reputation ruined - turning point, whole world saw the league's failure because countries acted in their own interests
28
when was the great depression?
1929
28
when were locarno treaties signed?
1st december 1925
28
what was the abyssinian crisis?
- mussolini invaded abyssinia - abyssinian emperor appealed to LoNs for help but not much happened - italy overpowered with chemical weapons
29
why did mussolini invade abyssinia?
- revenge for a failed attempt in 1896 - italy had neighbouring african colonies - knew league wouldn't do anything (manchuria) - rich in natural resources and grazing land - distract italians from great depression - rebuild roman empire
29
wal-wal incident
- 1930-mussolini ordered italian fort to be built at wal-wal - wal-wal was 80km inside abyssinian territory - haile selassie wanted them removed, mussolini refused - december 1934-confrontation at wal-wal oasis - 150 abyssinians and 50 italians died - mussolini demanded an apology and prepared to invade
29
why did the league fail to help abyssinia?
- failure to close suez canal, owned by britain and france to travel to east africa or asia without travelling round cape of africa, mussolini used canal to move troops and supplies, britain and france didn't close it as they wanted his support against hitler - trade sanctions against abyssinia, league banned members from selling weapons to abyssinia and italy, meant abyssinia left with nothing to defend themselves - trade sanctions against italy, league members forbidden from importing italian goods (excluding oil, steel, iron, coal) as britain worried banning coal would result in unemployment, and america would trade oil anyway - hoare-laval pact, Hoare and Laval met Mussolini and secretly agreed to give him fertile parts of abyssinia, details of pact leaked to newspapers so ministers forced to resign, proof britain and france would undermine league for self interest
30
consequences of abyssinia
- proved moral condemnation and economic sanctions didn't work - europe heading to war - league lost authority - hitler grew in confidence
31
what was the council?
- met 4 times a year, not enough - permanent members were japan, britain, france, italy: japan and itality left, broke convenant - some temporary members - everyone had a vote, permanent members could veto decisions which lead to controversy as it meant they had full power so not truly a democracy
32
what was the secretariat?
- civil service of the league - in charge of administration and organising action
33
what was the PCIJ
permanent court of international justice settled international disputes could give economic sanctions 15 judges from different countries
34
what was the covenant?
a set of guidelines that all countries in the league had to follow
35
successes in social issues
- refugee commission - health committee - ILO - slavery commission
36
why were the USSR not allowed to join the league?
they were a communist state
37
what was the kellogg-briand pact?
62 countries met and said they wouldn't use aggression / war to settle disputes
38
strengths and weaknesses of kellogg-briand
- significant step in 1920s towards peace - individual countries acted independently of the league - didn't state and actual definition of aggression - no knowledge of what would happen if pact broken - involved usa and took place outside of league, lack of power of league
39
what were locarno treaties?
- symbolic treaties that outlawed war and promoted peace in 1920s - germany agreed to accept borders lined out by T of V - signed by Stresseman - showed germany wanted lasting peace - also signed by britain, italy, czechoslovakia, belgium and agreed not to go to war with each other - seen as a turning point in international relations, germany willingly signed: accept treaty of versailles - however league took no part in it, failure
40
why did the great depression spread worldwide?
- us richest country after ww1, lent out lots of money to recovering countries - asked for loans back - countries that borrowed money affected
41
problem with league having no army
- had to borrow from members but countries mostly unwilling to lend army - unable to support weaker countries - reluctant to act and help - could only impose moral condemnation and economic sanctions which clearly didn't work
42
when was manchuria
1931-33
43
why did japan want to invade manchuria?
- rich in fertile farming land - already had a business in the form of a railway - would divert public's attention from problems at home - opportunity to settle old scores with russia and china - china weak and divided - silk trade suffering from great depression
44
mukden incident
- 18th september 1931, explosion on south manchurian railway - japanese army claimed train attacked by chinese soldiers - chinese denied and said soldiers had been asleep - kwantung army used this as an excuse to take over manchuria - people of japan openly celebrated but government wasn't happy - no choice but to go along with it - 1932 japan renamed manchuria to manchuko
45
consequences of the manchurian crisis for the league
- showed it was failing as one of the league's permanent members, ignored covenant and acted with aggression - hitler and mussolini gained confidence that the league wouldn't intervene if they invaded somewhere - reluctantly to impose sanctions showed league wouldn't take action - proved to be powerless since strong nations able to pursue aggressive acts against other countries without serious punishments - appeared unbothered due to Lytton taking a year - moral condemnation and economic sanctions didn't work, Japan still traded with USA as they weren't in the league
46
how did league react to manchuria?
- lord lytton who took a year to write his report, by which time japan had already invaded manchuria - issued moral condemnation - couldn't agree on economic sanctions
47
why was the league reluctant to act for manchuria?
- league did not want a fight - japan was a powerful member of the league - china and japan were far away - many people felt japan were entitled to take control - members of league couldn't afford to send troops so far away - many thought it was a good thing that japan was trying to introduce order
48
how did japan leave the league?
a special assembly voted on the report in february 1933 where they voted for the withdrawal of japanese troops, japanese representatives walked out
49
why did the great depression occur?
- businesses over produced, too much supply and not enough demand so the stock market collapsed - people began to sell shares and prices dropped, businesses collapsed leading to mass unemployment
50
why was the absence of america significant?
- wilson was the main promoter for league, britain and france more focused on self-interest but usa never joined - usa was richest country in world: trade sanctions wouldn't work as they could continue trading with america - usa had a large army, undermined collective security - huge world power so key international events had to take place outside of the league, making it appear weak and powerless
51
why did diplomacy take place outside of the league?
- absence of key countries
52
success/failures dates
- vilna 1920 - aland islands 1921 - upper silesia 1921-25 - corfu 1923 - geneva protocol 1924 - bulgaria 1925

history: conflict & tension (5 decks)

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