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.Pharmacology > Part 19: Calcium Homeostasis > Flashcards

Part 19: Calcium Homeostasis Flashcards

1
Q

the thyroid gland makes ___, which is important to Ca homeostasis

A

calcitonin

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2
Q

where are the parathyroid glands found?

A

on either side of the thyroid gland

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3
Q

are the parathyroid glands regulated separately than the thyroid gland?

A

yes

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4
Q

what hormone is made by the parathyroid glands?

A

parathyroid hormone

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5
Q

bone is primarily made up of ___ and ___ arranged in a mineral matrix, making a strong skeletal structure and storing these minerals

A

Ca and phosphate

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6
Q

foods high in phosphates include:

A

meat and nuts

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7
Q

depending on the amount of Ca and PO4 in the body, what 2 things can happen to these minerals when eaten?

A
  1. if the body already has enough, the excess will be excreted from the body in feces
  2. if the body could use more, they will be reabsorbed into the blood through the intestine
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8
Q

the absorption of PO4 and Ca in the intestine is regulated by which vitamin?

A

vitamin D

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9
Q

once Ca and PO4 are absorbed in the blood, they can be used in what 2 ways?

A
  1. can be used immediately for cellualr processes

2. stored in bone

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10
Q

what happens with the absorbed Ca and Po4 is regulated by ____, ____ and ____

A

vitamin D, parathyroid hormone and calcitonin

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11
Q

any absorbed excess Ca and PO4 is excreted by the ____

A

kidneys

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12
Q

the adult human contains about ___kg of Ca and ___% is deposited in the bones and teeth

A

1; 99%

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13
Q

t/f Ca and PO4 are cycled in the body due to their involvement in many cellular processes

A

t

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14
Q

calcium is critical to cardiac muscle ___

A

contraction

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15
Q

phosphate is used in the biosynthesis of ____

A

ATP

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16
Q

the levels of Ca needed to initiate cellular processes is ____ (low/high) and demand changes ____ (slowly, rapidly)

A

low; rapidly

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17
Q

bone remodelling is a ____ process and occurs continually throughout life

A

dynamic

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18
Q

parathyroid hormone and vitamin D are involved in both ___ and ____ of bones to keep balance

A

formation and breakdown

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19
Q

the stimulation of ____ and ___cells happens in parallel to allow bone tissue to be balanced and maintained

A

osteoclasts & osteoblasts

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20
Q

an imbalance of osteoclast/osteoblast stimulation can lead to bone overgrowth (______) and breakdown (______)

A

osteopetrosis; osteoporosis

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21
Q

____ stimulates osteoblasta results in the secretion of ____, which increases activation of osteoclasts

A

PTH; RANKL

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22
Q

how do osteoclasts breakdown bone?

A

acidify the extracellular space around the bone, resulting in demineralization of Ca & PO4 from the bone surface

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23
Q

osteoblasts make new mineral deposits from ____

A

remaining serum Ca and PO4

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24
Q

PTH is secreted when Ca levels are ___ (high/low)

A

low

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25
there are Ca sensing receptors on the surface of the ____cells so the parathyroid gland knows how much Ca is in the blood
parathyroid
26
when the Ca sensing receptors are activated, this activates the _____ pathway , resulting in the production of ____ within PT cells
arachidonic acid; leukotrienes
27
leukotrienes in the Pt cells promote the breakdown of ____, which prevents its release
PTH
28
when PTH is secreted, it acts at the bone to increase___
demineralization and release of Ca and PO4 into the blood
29
PTH ____ (lowers/increases) the activation of vitamin D in the kidney
increases
30
vitamin D acts in several ways to ____ (increase/decrease) circulating levels of calcium and helps _____(build-up/breakdown) ca and PO4 stored in bone tissue
increase; build up
31
PTH and vitamin D ___ (decrease/increase) bone resorption and make Ca and PO4 ____ (more/less) readily available for cellular processes
increases; more
32
vitamin D acts in the GI tract to ____ (increase/decrease) the absorption of Ca and PO4 from food and _____ (increases/decreases) renal excretion
increase; decrease
33
in what 2 ways can we get vitamin D?
1. precursors from our food (or supplement) | 2. made from cholesterol in the skin by UV light
34
what is the active form of vitamin D?
1,25--dihydroxy vitamin D
35
1,25--dihydroxy vitamin D is made from 2 metabolic steps, one in the ___ and the second in the ___
liver; kidney
36
1,25--dihydroxy vitamin D is also called ___
calcitriol
37
vitamin D is an important negative modulator of ____ to help maintain homeostasis
PTH
38
vitamin D can increase both bone __ and __
formation and resorption
39
how does vitamin D inhibit parathyroid hormone synthesis and release?
destablizing the hormone mRNA, preventing its translation into a functional hormone protein
40
when the ca sensor pathway is activated, the secretion of ____ is reduced, which prevents excessive resoprtion and bone mineral loss
PTH
41
calcitonin is a ____ (negative/positive) regulator of the actions of PTH and reduces bone mineral resorption
negative
42
calcitonin is made by the ___
thyroid gland
43
calcitonin is secreted in response to ___
high levels of circulating ca
44
calcitonin release acts to inhibit ____ (bone cell) activity, which ____ (increases/decreases) the demineralization of the bone surface and ____(promotes/inhibits) the renal excretion of Ca and PO4 to prevent too high levels
osteoclast; decreases; promotes
45
estrogen and growth hormone are ____ (negative/positive) modulators of bone formation
positive
46
what happens to bone mass when estrogen decreases during menopause?
decreases
47
low levels of growth hormone during development can lead to ___
dwarfism
48
patients with _____ (hyper or hypo thyroidism) are at greater risk of developing osteoporosis
hyperthyroidim
49
t/f physical forces on bones can affect bone remodelling
t
50
give 2 examples of physical forces that can be used
1. braces | 2. weight-bearing exercises to reduce risk of osteoporosis
51
an area of bone having force applied towards to it has a high level of activity of which bone cells?
osteoclasts (makes space for tooth to move to)
52
braces reposition the ____ bones to straighten the teth
alveolar
53
an area of bone having force pulled away from it has a high level of ____ (bone cell) activity
osteoblast (fill in space behind the moving tooth)
54
what is osteoporosis?
a condition where the balance between bone resorption and formation tips toward a greater proportion of bone being broken down by osteoclasts
55
____ can be used to slow the progression of osteoporosis
bisphosphates
56
t/f hormone replacement can be given to help improve bone remodelling in menopasue
t
57
what class does alendronate belong to?
bisphosphonates
58
bisphosphonates are relatively simple molecules that have ___(#) ionically charged phosphate groups that bind to ___ on the surface of bone
2; Ca
59
bisphosponates are also taken up by _____ (bone cells), reducing their activation
osteoclast
60
bisphosphonates ____ (increase/decrease) bone remodelling
decrease
61
bisphosphonates ____ (reduce/increase) reabsorption of bone mineral
reduce
62
why do bisphosphonates have a long half life?
they bind ionically to bone mineral
63
what is the usual dosing of bisphosphonates?
usually once weekly oral dosing
64
how is bisphosphonates removed from the body?
excreted unchanged in the urine
65
does the excretion of bisphosphonates require metabolizing enzymes?
no
66
bisphosphonates have ____ (many /few ) drug interactions
few

.Pharmacology (55 decks)

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