parkinsons

Question 1

what are the cortical major regions

Answer 1

thalamus
basal ganglia
cerebellum
brianstem
medulla spinalis

Question 2

components of the basal ganglia

Answer 2

input nuclei
output nuclei
intrinsic nuclei

Input nuclei receive
information, which is then relayed to intrinsic nuclei for
processing, and further passed to output nuclei

Question 3

explain the direct pathway

Answer 3

theres direct projections from the striatum to the globus pallidus internal and theres little to no mottion seen

Question 4

explain the indirect pathaway

Answer 4

The indirect pathway has
projections from the striatum to the
external globus pallidus, and thence to
the subthalamic nucleus, and finally to
the internal globus pallidus

Question 5

activation of the direct pathway inhibits what

Answer 5

the output neurone

Question 6

activation of the indirect pathway produces what

Answer 6

final excitation of the output neurone

Question 7

what occurs due to the imbalance of activity in the complex basal ganglia circuits

Answer 7

hyperkinesias

Question 8

a group of
excessive, abnormal and involuntary
movements is .

Answer 8

hyperkinetic movement disorders or dyskinesia

Question 9

match the following movements
1.breif isolated jerks
2,high amplitude falling
3,dance,irregular ,unpredictable
4.slow continous movement
5.repetitive movement

Answer 9

myoclonus
ballismus
chorea
athetosis
dystonia

Question 10

a clinical syndrome characterised
by slowness of movement (bradykinesia)
accompanied by increased muscle tone (rigidity),
usually with the additional feature of a resting
tremor

Answer 10

parkisonism

Question 11

an abnormally decreased movement

Answer 11

hypokinesia

Question 12

slowness of movement refers to

Answer 12

bradykinesia

Question 13

parkinsons is characterized by being

Answer 13

chronic
progressive
neurodegenerative

Question 14

in PD where does neurodegeneration occur

Answer 14

pars compacta of the substantia nigra

Question 15

what are the three things that happens in PD

Answer 15

Degeneration of dopaminergic neurons that produce dopamine

Loss of the neuromelanin-containing neurons produce
characteritic changes - depigmentation

Formation of Lewy bodies

Question 16

some reasons or factors why parkinsons may occur

Answer 16

age
hereditary
genetic
gender
exposure to toxins

Question 17

cardinal symptoms of parkinsonism

Answer 17

tremor
rigidity
akinesia
loss of postural reflex or TRAP

Question 18

At what frequency does tremor occur in pd

Answer 18

4-6 hz

Question 19

An abnormal stooped posture contributes to
development of a what

Answer 19

festinating gait

Question 20

festinating gait is characterized by

Answer 20

progressive increase in speed with a
shortening of stride

Question 21

what are the features that are evident in pd

Answer 21

micrographia
freezing episodes
hypomimia-reduced facial expression
dementia
nonprimary lessions
dysphagia
gastrointestinal dysunction

Question 22

explain the hoehn and yahr scale

Answer 22

1.unilateral involvement with no functional disabillity
2.bilateral involvement without balance impairement
3.bilateral disease
5.confined to bed or wheelchair
4.several disease but can still walk
3.physically independent

Question 23

explain the modified hoen and yahr

Answer 23

1.only unilateral
1.5.unilat and axial
2.bilat without balanc impair
2.5.mild bilateral with recovery on pull test

Question 24

what do we assess in pd

Answer 24

gait
posture
balance
rom etc

Question 25

medications in pd

Answer 25

Levodopa
 Amantadine
 Dopamine-agonists
 Anticholinergics

Question 26

input nuclei consist of what

Answer 26

putamen and the caudate nucleus

Question 27

the intrinsic nuclei consist of what

Answer 27

external globus pallidus
subthalamic nuclei and the pars compacta of the substantia nigra

Question 28

the output nuclei consist of what

Answer 28

internal globus pallidus
pars reticulata of the substantia nigra