Parkinsons Flashcards
Characteristics of hypokinetic motor diseases
- expressionless
- low-tone facial appearance
- diminished activity initiations
- slowed execution of motions
- rigidity
- may have resting tremor
Hypothyroidism and hypokinesia
Thyroid gland cannpt make enough T3 and T4 hormones
Changes in facial tone are seen in hypothyroidism
General s/s
- brittle skin, hair, nails
- cold, low mood, energy
- water retention, hoarse, puff face and feet
- slowed heart rate
Progressive supranuclear palsy and hypokinesia
Progressive deterioration of brainstem, c cortex, cerebellum and basal ganglia
Onset 40+ years
Features:
- slowing of vertical saccacdes
- postural instability (^ falls)
- symmetric akinesia
- abnormal neck posture (retrocollis)
- early dysphagia and dysarthria
- cognitive impairment
Parkinsons disease and hypokinesia
2nd mc neurodegenerative ds after alzheimer’s
-onset 58-62 years
Disease triad
- bradykinesia
- rigidity
- resting tremor
Signs
- expressionless
- long latency responses
- reduced arm swing (checked at side)
- small font when writing
- slow speech
- drooling
- en-bloc turning
- fatigue
Multiple system atrophy (MSA)
Multiple brain systems are involved and degenerating at the same time
-extrapyramidal (coordination), pyramidal (motor control), cerebellar and autonomic
Patients are clinically classified accoridng to the predominant affecvt
- motor presentation
- parkisonian subtype
- autonomic failure contributed to urinary difficulty
Lacunar state and hypokinesia
Subcortical infarcts that occur with blockage of a single perforating artewry
When symptomatic:
- pure motor hemiparesis (MC)
- ataxic hemiparesis (2nd MC(
- pur sensory
- sensorimotor
Characteristics of hyperkinetic motor diseases
- dystonia
- athetosis (slow involuntary writhing movements of head/neck, hands, tongue)
- chorea (involuntary irregular movements)
- dyskinesia
- tics
- tremor
- myoclonus
Huntington’s disease and hyperkinesia
Genetically programmed degeneration that cuases unctontrolled movements, loss of intellectural faculties, and emotional disturbance
Early s/s
- mood swings
- depression
- irritabiltiy
- trouble driving
- trouble learning new things
- trouble remembering facts or making deciisions
Progresses to: concentration difficulties and issues feeding and swallowing
Tardive dyskinesia
Commonly occurs after prolonged exposure to neuroleptic agents (e.g. psycholgical meds)
Characteristics: repetitive, involuntary, purposeless movements, e.g.:
- grimacing, tongue protrusion, lip smacking, puckering and pursuing, rapid eye blinking
- rapid movmeents of arms and legs
- involuntary movmenets of fingers
Ballismus
Involuntary jerking and flinging of proximal muscles
Can occur with strokes, trauma, MS and subthalamic lesions
“Ballismus” = ballistic
Dystonia
Dystonia
Abnormal tone anywhere with impaired movements
Can occur with Meige’s syndrome, spasmatic torticollic, tardive dystonia, and hypocalcemia
Tic
Brief twitchy fast, involuntary movemnts
Stereotypical, repetitive and chronic
Tremor
Repeittive regular oscillatory movement
Irregular contraction of opposing muscles
Usually involuntary
Myoclonus
the sudden, involuntary jerking of a muscle or group of muscles
Chorea
sudden, rapid, jerky, purposeless movement involving limbs, trunk, or face