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DPT 761 - Neuro Rehab II > Parkinson's - Part 1 > Flashcards

Parkinson's - Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the primary pathophysiology of Parkinson’s Disease?

A

Degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra, leading to reduced dopamine production.

  • Direct pathway: initiation of movement
  • Indirect pathway: suppression of unwanted movement
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2
Q

What are the Cardinal Features of Parkinson’s Disease?

A

- Cardinal Features:

  • Tremor
  • Rigidity
  • Bradykinesia
  • Postural Instability (later stages)

- Non motor symptoms (May precede motor symptoms):

  • loss of smell
  • sonstipation
  • sleep disorders
  • mood disorders
  • orthostatic hypotension
  • cognitive problems
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3
Q

What percentage of Parkinson’s Disease cases are idiopathic or genetic?

A

Parkinson’s Disease:

  • 78% of cases are idiopathic or genetic (PARK1).
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4
Q

What is early-onset Parkinson’s Disease?

A
  • average age of onset 50-60 years
  • < 40 years: early onset PD (4-10%)
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5
Q

What is…

  • cogwheel rigidity?
  • lead-pipe rigidity?
A

Cogwheel rigidity: Jerky movements with a catch and release sensation throughout the range of motion.

Lead-Pipe Rigidity: Sustained resistance to passive movement in all directions, with no jerky motions.

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6
Q

What is bradykinesia?

A

Bradykinesia:

  • Slowness of movement, often influenced by rigidity, causing increased time on tasks and difficulties in daily activities.
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7
Q

What is micrographia?

A

Micrographia: A symptom of bradykinesia where handwriting starts normal but becomes progressively smaller.

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8
Q

What is…

  • resting tremor?
  • action tremor?
A

Resting Tremor: Involuntary shaking occurring at rest, usually suppressed by voluntary movement.

Action Tremor: A tremor that continues with movement, more common in advanced stages of Parkinson’s.

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9
Q

What is postural instability?

A
  • Difficulty maintaining center of mass over base of support, leading to balance issues and fall risk.
  • Contributing factors: Rigidity, loss of range of motion, decreased muscle torque, and medications.
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10
Q

What are some secondary motor symptoms in Parkinson’s Disease?

A
  • reduced muscle strength
  • motor planning deficits
  • gait abnormalities
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11
Q

What are common gait abnormalities in Parkinson’s Disease?

A
  • slowness
  • festinating gait (shuffling)
  • decreased arm swing
  • freezing of gait
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12
Q

What is…

  • Festination = ?
  • Two kinds = ?
A

Festination: A type of gait abnormality where the patient takes quick, short steps, often leaning forward.

  • anteropulsive (a forward festinating gait)
  • retropulsive (a backward festinating gait)
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13
Q

What is freezing of gait (FOG)?

A

A sudden inability to initiate movement, often triggered by obstacles or tight spaces.

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14
Q

What is dysphagia?

A

Difficulty swallowing, experienced by 95% of Parkinson’s patients, due to muscle rigidity and reduced mobility.

Non-Motor Symptom

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15
Q

What is sialorrhea?

A

Excessive drooling caused by decreased spontaneous swallowing and increased saliva production.

Non-Motor Symptom

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16
Q

What are the cognitive dysfunctions associated with Parkinson’s Disease?

A

Deficits in

  • attention
  • planning
  • processing

ranging from mild cognitive impairment to dementia.

17
Q

What are some autonomic dysfunctions in Parkinson’s Disease?

A
  • Hyperhidrosis (excessive sweating)
  • Seborrhea (increased oil secretion)
  • Abnormal slow pupillary response to light
  • GI (constipation, impaired gastric emptying, urinary incontinence)
  • Respiratory(airway obstruction, decreased chest expansion, lower FVC andhigher RV)
  • Cardiovascular: blunted CV response to exercise (lower HR and BP during exercise)
18
Q

What cardiovascular issues are common in Parkinson’s Disease?

A

Blunted cardiovascular response to exercise, with lower heart rate and blood pressure during activity.

19
Q

What is orthostatic hypotension?

A

A significant drop in blood pressure upon standing, leading to dizziness, weakness, and risk of falls.

20
Q

What are the types of tremor in Parkinson’s Disease?

A
  • resting tremor
  • postural tremor
  • action tremor
21
Q

What is the Hoehn-Yahr Classification Scale?

A

A scale used to chart the progression of Parkinson’s Disease from mild to severe.

22
Q

What are the early clinical signs of Parkinson’s Disease?

A
  • changes in smell
  • micrographia
  • stiffness
  • difficulty getting out of chairs
  • sleep disorders
  • anxiety
  • depression
23
Q

What is the role of dopamine in Parkinson’s Disease?

A

Dopamine regulates movement, and its deficiency due to neuron degeneration leads to motor impairments.

24
Q

What are common sensory symptoms in Parkinson’s Disease?

A

Numbness, tingling, pain, and olfactory dysfunction, affecting proprioception and balance.

25
Q

What is bradyphrenia?

A

Slowness of thought, often associated with bradykinesia in Parkinson’s patients.

DPT 761 - Neuro Rehab II (17 decks)

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