MS Part 1 Flashcards
What is MS and how does it affect the CNS?
MS is an autoimmune disease that causes inflammation, demyelination, and neurological deterioration in the CNS.
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What are some genetic and environmental risk factors for MS?
- genetics (family history)
- low Vitamin D
- smoking
- obesity are key risk factors
What are common epidemiological patterns in MS (e.g., geography, gender)?
MS is more common in people living farther from the equator and in women (3x more common).
What causes MS, and how does the immune system contribute?
MS is believed to be caused by an autoimmune response that attacks the myelin sheath in the CNS.
How does demyelination affect nerve conduction in MS?
Demyelination slows or blocks nerve conduction, leading to rapid nerve fatigue and eventually conduction block.
What happens during a relapse vs. a remission?
A relapse is an acute worsening of neurological function; remission is a period of partial or full recovery.
How do oligodendrocytes and plaques contribute to permanent disability?
Repeated attacks damage oligodendrocytes, preventing remyelination and leading to the formation of plaques, causing neurodegeneration.
What triggers a pseudo-relapse, and how is it different from a true relapse?
A pseudo-relapse is a temporary worsening of symptoms due to heat or stress, resolving within 24 hours.
What is the McDonald Criteria and how is it used to diagnose MS?
The McDonald Criteria requires evidence of 2 distinct attacks and > 2 lesions on MRI for diagnosis.
How does MRI contribute to the diagnosis of MS?
MRI detects plaques and lesions in the white matter of the brain and spinal cord, indicating demyelination.
What role does a lumbar puncture play in MS diagnosis?
A lumbar puncture can show elevated cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) protein levels, supporting MS diagnosis.
How are relapses and exacerbations defined in MS?
Relapses are defined by new or worsening symptoms lasting over 24 hours, not related to other causes.
What are the four main types of MS ?
- Relapsing-Remitting
- Secondary Progressive
- Primary Progressive
- Progressive Relapsing
How does Clinically Isolated Syndrome (CIS) relate to MS development?
CIS is a first episode of symptoms that may or may not develop into MS.