Parenteral Products Flashcards
SWFI is
-safe
-sterile
-particle free
-pyrogen free
NEVER
inject water into blood stream
Parenteral routes of administration
-intravenous (IV)
-intramuscular (IM)
-subcutaneous (SC)
-intradermal
-intraperitoneal (IP)
-intraspinal
Intravenous (IV)
-very rapid
-straight to blood
-good for irritant drugs
-suitable for large volumes
-least forgiving
-drug must be dissolved
Parenteral product solutions
-right potency
-right label
-sterile
-particle free
-pyrogen free
-isotonic
-physiological pH
Intra-spinal injection solutions
-right potency
-right label
-sterile
-particle free
-pyrogen free
-isotonic
-physiological pH
-no preservatives
Common aqueous isotonic vehicles
-0.9% NaCl solution (saline)
-5% dextrose solution (D5W)
-bacteriostatic NaCl injection (antimicrobial saline)
-ringers solution (saline with K and Ca in physiological concentrations)
components of parenteral products
-vehicles
-antimicrobial preservatives
-pH buffers
-antioxidants
-chelating agents
-tonicity agents
Vehicles
-water mischible solvents (cosolvents)
-solubize drugs
-can slow hydrolysis
-often IM injection but also IV
Water miscible solvents (cosolvents)
-ethyl alcohol
-polyethylene glycol (PEG)
-propylene glycol (PG)
PEG
-can be used IV up to 40%
ethyl alcohol
-can be used IV only upto 10%
Straight oil injection
-NO
-embolus
Oil emulsion
-ok for IV
-oil droplets smaller than RBC
-no risk of embulism
oil solution route of admin
-some ok for IM
-must NOT be injected IV
Antimicrobial preservatives
-used for multiple dose preparations
-benzyl alcohol 0.9% (most common)
-parabens
-cresol
Antimicrobial problems
-not effective in oil formulations
-inactivated by polysorbate (micelles) and PVP (complex)
Benzyl alcohol 0.9%
-most common antimicrobial
-some ppl are allergic
-do NOT use in neonates = gasping syndrome
pH buffers
-enhance solubility/stability
-use at low concentrations
Common buffers
-citrates (safe by IV, irritating by IM or SC)
-acetates
-phosphates (potentially fatal)
Citrate injection
-IV ok
-irritating by IM or SC
Phosphate and Calcium
-can precipitate
=death
-must be used in PN preparatinos
Antioxidants
-metabisulfite salts (low pH)
-bisulfite (intermediate pH)
-sulfite (high pH)
-ascorbic acid
chelating agents
-sodium EDTA (most common)
-enhance antioxidant effect
-sequester trace metals