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Metabolism II > Parathyroid gland > Flashcards

Parathyroid gland Flashcards

1
Q

Where is most calcium stored?

A

In bones

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2
Q

What is the normal range for serum calcium levels?

A

2.2-2.5mM/l

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3
Q

What is the calcium balance in the intestine?

A

Calcium is taken up in the duodenum

Secretions from the gut are high in calcium

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4
Q

What are the consequences of Hypocalcaemia?

A 
Hyper excitability of the NMJ
Paraesthesia
Tetany
Paralysis
Convulsions
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5
Q

What are the consequences of Hypercalcaemia?

A

Constipation
Depression
Kidney stones
Dehydration

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6
Q

What are the hormones involved in calcium regulation?

A

Parathyroid hormone
Vitamin D
Calcitronin

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7
Q

What is the action of Parathyroid hormone and Vitamin D?

A

Increase serum calcium levels

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8
Q

Where is Parathyroid hormone synthesised?

A

In chief cells. They degrade the hormone too and little is stored

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9
Q

What effect does high serum calcium have on synthesis of Parathyroid hormone?

A

Negatively feedsback and activated a GPCR which decreases cAMP and Parathyroid hormone release

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10
Q

What effect does Parathyroid hormone have on bone?

A

It stimulates osteoblasts to secrete cytokines
These attract osteoclasts
Increases osteoclast activity, decreases osteoblast activity

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11
Q

How does Parathyroid hormone effect the Kidneys?

A

Increases calcium reabsorption in the DCT

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12
Q

What is the action of Parathyroid hormone on the gut?

A

Stimulates conversion of Vitamin D to increase calcium absorption in the intestine

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13
Q

What are the 2 forms of Vitamin D?

A

D3 and D2

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14
Q

How is Calcitriol formed?

A

Hydroxylation of D3 in the liver
Makes hydroxyvitamin D (not regulated)
Forms Calcitriol in the Kidneys

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15
Q

How can you treat Hypercalcaemia?

A

Fluids to replace the fluid lost in urine

Removal of benign tumours of the Parathyroid

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16
Q

How can Hypocalcaemia lead to rickets?

A

Decreased levels of serum calcium cause bone reabsorption

Bone becomes weakened so have rickets develop (in children)

17
Q

What releases Calcitonin?

A

Parafollicular cells (C cells) of the thyroid gland

18
Q

How is serum phosphate coregulated to Calcium?

A

Vitamin D increases absorption of Calcium and Pi in the gut

Action on bone to increase calcium secretion also increases Pi

19
Q

Why is the uptake of Pi not coregulated with Calcium in the Kidneys?

A

Pi is excreted when Calcium is absorbed because this prevents the formation of calcium phosphate stones

20
Q

How can tumours cause Hypercalcaemia?

A

Parathyroid hormone related peptide is commonly present in breast/prostate cancers. It has the same action as PTH, but it doesn’t increase calcitriol concentration.

Metabolism II (16 decks)

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