Endocrinology

Question 1

Define hormone

Answer 1

A chemical messenger which travels via the bloodstream

Question 2

What are the 4 chemical types of hormones?

Answer 2

Polypeptide hormones
Glycoprotein hormones
Amino acid derivatives
Steroids (derived from cholesterol)

Question 3

How are hormones transported?

Answer 3

Hydrophillic ones are dissolved in the plasma

Hydrophobic ones eg steroid/thyroid hormones have carrier proteins

Question 4

How does the effect of hormones vary with changing plasma concentrations?

Answer 4

It is the concentration of free hormone that has effects.
If the concentration is low, the person is said to have a deficiency.
If the concentration is high, the person will have symptoms of excess

Question 5

Which type of hormone can bind to receptors inside a cell?

Answer 5

Lipophilic hormones

Question 6

Which type of hormone can bind to receptors on the surface of a cell?

Answer 6

Hydrophilic hormones

Question 7

What can cause a rapid response to hormones in target tissues?

Answer 7

Hormones that act on the activity of functional proteins

Question 8

What can cause a long term response to hormones in target tissues?

Answer 8

Hormones that change gene expression

Question 9

How can hormone secretion be controlled?

Answer 9

Negative feedback
One hormone controlling another
Releasing/Inhibiting hormones
Inactivation of hormones

Question 10

How does negative feedback work?

Answer 10

Blood concentration levels of the hormone controls how much hormone is secreted

Question 11

What is a hormone which controls release of another hormone called?

Answer 11

A trophic hormone

Question 12

Where are most inhibitory/stimulatory hormones released from?

Answer 12

Nerve cells in the hypothalamus

Question 13

Where can inactivation of enzymes occur?

Answer 13

Liver
Kidney
Target tissue

Question 14

How are steroid hormones inactivated?

Answer 14

Small change in structure so they become soluble. Then excreted in bile or urine.

Question 15

How are protein hormones inactivated?

Answer 15

Extensively broken down then the amino acids are reused.

Question 16

Where is insulin stored?

Answer 16

In beta cell storage granules

Question 17

Which is anabolic out of Insulin and Glucagon?

Answer 17

Anabolic - Insulin

Catabolic - Glucagon

Question 18

What are the long and short term effects of insulin?

Answer 18

Long - cell growth/division

Short - clearing absorbed nutrients from the blood after a meal

Question 19

What are the major actions of Glucagon?

Answer 19

Glycogenolysis
Glycogenesis (decreased)
Gluconeogenesis
Ketogenesis
Lipolysis

Question 20

What are the major actions of Insulin?

Answer 20

Opposite to Glucagon

Increased glucose transport into adipose tissue/skeletal muscle

Question 21

What are the 2 sections to an Islet of Langerhans cell?

Answer 21

Beta cells - produce insulin

Alpha cells - produce Glucagon