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Parasitology > Parasitology slide set 3 > Flashcards

Parasitology slide set 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Two major divisions of arthropods in terms of pesticides

A

Insects (fleas, lice, flies)

Ticks and mites

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2
Q

In some products there are synergists (like piperonyl butoxide or N-octyl bicycloheptene dicarboximide) are used to

A

slow pesticide breakdown, so NOT pesticides

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3
Q

Types of arthropod control agents

A

Pesticides- kill outright, interfere with normal growth and development
Biological control- eparasitic wasps
Physical control- fly mask

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4
Q

Pyrethrins

A

botanicals- plant products, quickly metabolized

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5
Q

Mode of action of pyrethrins

A

Disrupt ion transport in nerve membranes
Paralysis of organism; quick knockdown, some repellent activity
Often used with synergists to prevent detoxification

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6
Q

Spectrum of action of pyrethrins

A

many species

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7
Q

Toxicity of pyrethrins

A

Pretty safe b/c rapidly metabolized

Problems can occur is animal ingests too much: salivation, diarrhea, vomiting, trembling

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8
Q

Method of application of pyrethrins

A

Topical, not absorbed (sprays, dusts, shampoos)

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9
Q

Members of pyrethroids

A

permethrin (most common, bad for cats), cyfluthrin, lamdacyhalothrin, beta-cyfluthrin, flumethrin, etofenprox (common in OTC cat flea products)
Most generic names end in -thrin

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10
Q

Mode of action of pyrethroids

A

Similar to pyrethrins, cause paralysis of organism

Some repellant activity but not primary mode of action

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11
Q

Toxicity of pyrethroids

A

Similar to pyrethrins, but can be worse b/c more potent and last longer
Need to know if product is pyrethrin or pyrethroid

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12
Q

Method of administration of pyrethroids

A

Topical- lipophilic (helps them stay around), dusts, sprays, shampoos, spot-ons, etc (ex. advantix 2)
Enviromental- pyrethriods

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13
Q

Members of neonicotinoids (chloronicotinyls, nitroguanidines)

A

Imidacloprid
Nitenpyram
Dinofuran

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14
Q

Spectrum of action of neonicotinoids

A

Insects on animals and plants

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15
Q

Mode of action of neonicotinoids

A

Binds to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in insects

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16
Q

Toxicity of neonicotinoids

A

Low toxicity b/c mammalian receptors different, would expect nicotinic signs if occured

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17
Q

Method of administration of neonicotinoids

A

Topically, mostly (capstar is an example of an oral admin)

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18
Q

Spectrum of action of macrolides (macrocyclic lactones)

A

Variable efficacy against many arthropod species

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19
Q

Method of administration of macrolides

A

Oral, spot-ons, injection, feed additives
Best product for ectoparasites applied to skin
Topical ones are absorbed systemically

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20
Q

Members of spinosyns

A

spinosad

spinetoram

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21
Q

Spectrum of action of spinosyns

A

Insects

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22
Q

Mode of action of spinosyns

A

Activates nicotinic acetylcholine receptors so act like neonicotinoids but the receptor is different

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23
Q

Toxicity of spinosyns

A

Appears low

24
Q

Administration of spinosyns

A

oral and topical

25
Q

Member of phenylpyrazoles

A

Fipronil (frontline plus)

26
Q

Spectrum of phenylpyrazoles

A

Insects, ticks, mites

27
Q

Toxicity of phenylpyrazoles

A

Doesn’t seem to bind to mammalian receptors generally
Don’t use in rabbits
Toxic for fish, aquatic systems

28
Q

Mode of action of phenylpyrazoles

A

Binds to GABA receptors, inhibits ion flux in nerve cells- hyperexcitability and death

29
Q

Member of formamidines

A

Amitraz

30
Q

Spectrum of formamidines

A

Ticks and mites primarily

31
Q

Mode of action of formamidines

A

Monoamine oxidase inhibitor

32
Q

Toxicity of formamidines

A

do NOT use in horses, relatively safe in others

Lethargy, hypotension, vomiting

33
Q

Method of administration of formamidines

A

Topical, not absorbed

34
Q

Member of oxadiazine

A

indoxacarb (this is a new product, activyl for cats)

35
Q

Spectrum of action of oxadiazine

A

Insects

36
Q

Mode of action of oxadiazine

A

Sodium ion channel blocker affects neuromuscular system

37
Q

Safety of oxadiazine

A

doesn’t bind mammal sodium channels so safety is good

38
Q

Carbamates mode of action

A

Inhibit acetylcholinesterase in vertebrates and invertibrates
Effects are more reversible and so safer then organophosphates

39
Q

Members of carbamates

A

Carbaryl

Propoxur

40
Q

Safety of carbamates

A

Can cause toxicity if overdosed
Salivation, lacrimation, urination, diarrhea
Respiratory failure

41
Q

Environmental and plant pesticides include some used on animals

A

fipronil, imidicloprid, dinotefuran, spinosad

42
Q

Lime sulfur

A

smelly but pretty safe, used in small animals

43
Q

Repellents- human products, not used in animals

A

DEET

Picardin (oil of lemon eucalyptus)

44
Q

“Natural” products

A

D-limonene, high dose can be toxic

Herbal preparations- little efficacy or toxicity data

45
Q

Insect development inhibitors

A

chitin synthesis inhibitors

Example: lefenuron (program)

46
Q

Insect growth regulators

A

Juvenile hormone analogs

Examples: methoprene (frontline plus); pyriproxyfen (knockout, vectra 3-d)

47
Q

Toxicity of IDIs and IGRs

A

low

48
Q

Administration of IDIs and IGRs

A

topical

environmental

49
Q

NOT QUIZ

Antibacterials are used also as

A

antiprotozoals

50
Q

NOT QUIZ

Sulfonamides

A

inhibit folic acid production

used for treatment of coccidian parasites

51
Q

NOT QUIZ

Nitroimidazoes

A

Interfere with RNA synthesis

Metronidazole used for treatment of giardia

52
Q

NOT QUIZ

Ionophores

A

Destroy cross-membrane ion gradients
Monensin, lasalocid
Used for prevention of coccidiosis

53
Q

NOT QUIZ

Antibacterial macrolides

A

Inhibits protein synthesis
Clindamycin
Used for treatment of toxoplasma infection

54
Q

NOT QUIZ

Triazones

A

Inhibit nuclear division
Diclazuril, ponazuril
For coccidiosis in poultry and EPM in horses

55
Q

NOT QUIZ

Pyridine derivative

A

Interfere with mitochondrial metabolism
Decoquinate
For coccidiosis in food animals, poultry

56
Q

NOT QUIZ

Pyrimidine derivatives

A

Amprolium- competitive thiamine antagonist

For treatment and prevention of coccidiosis in poultry and food animals

57
Q

NOT QUIZ

Benzimidazoles

A

ABZ, FBZ, used for giardia

Parasitology (13 decks)

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