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Microbiology > Parasitology > Flashcards

Parasitology Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

D-shaped eggs were recovered from the perianal swab of a child with anal pruritus
What is the infection

A

Enterobiasis (pinworm)

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2
Q

Process of living together of 2 unlike organisms

A

Symbiosis

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3
Q

one species benefits without harming or benefiting the other

A

commensalism

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4
Q

both species benefit one another

A

mutualism

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5
Q

one species benefits while harming the other

A

parasitism

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6
Q

parasite lives inside the body of the host

A

endoparasite

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7
Q

presence in host connotes infection

A

endoparasite

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8
Q

lives outside the body of the host

A

ectoparasite

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9
Q

presence in host connotes infestation

A

ectoparasite

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10
Q

need a host at some stage of their life cycle to complete development and propagation

A

obligate parasite

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11
Q

may exist in a free-living state but becomes parasitic when the need arises

A

facultative parasite

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12
Q

parasite that establishes itself in a host it does not ordinaerily live

A

accidental/ incidental parasite

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13
Q

remains on host for life

A

permanent parasite

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14
Q

lives on host for short period of time

A

temporary parasite

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15
Q

free-living organism that passes through digestive tract with infection of host

A

spurious parasite

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16
Q

host where parasite attains sexual maturityb

A

definitive or final host

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17
Q

in malaria which is the definitive host

A

mosquito

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18
Q

host which harbors the asexual or larval stage

A

intemediate host

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19
Q

host where parasite does not develop further to later stages

A

paratenic host

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20
Q

allow life cycle to continue and become additional sources of human infection

A

reservoir host

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21
Q

transmits parasite from one host to another

A

vector

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22
Q

transmits parasite only after it has completed its development

A

biologic vector

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23
Q

only tranports parasite

A

mechanical or phoretic vector

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24
Q

infected individual becomes his own direct source of infection

A

autoinfection

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25
Q

infected individual is furhter infected with same species leading to massive infection

A

hyperinfection or superinfection

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26
Q

Modes of transmission

A 
Contaminated food and water
Skin penetration
Arthropod vectors
Congenital transmission
Inhalation of airborne eggs 
sexual intercours
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27
Q

what cells are affected by antiprotozoal drugs

A

high metabolic activity -neuronal, renal rubular, intestinal, bone marrow stem cells

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28
Q

protozoa infecting the intetinal tract

A 
Entaemoeba histolytica (Amoebiasis)
Giardia lamblia (Giardiasis)
Cryptosporidium parvum (Cryptosporidiosis )
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29
Q

protozoa infecting the Urogenital tract

A

Trichomonas vaginalis (Trichomoniasis )

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30
Q

protozoa infecting blood and tissue

A 
Plasmoidium spp (Malaria)
Toxoplasma gondii (Toxoplasmosis)
Trypanosoma spp. (Chagas diseases, sleeping sickness)
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31
Q

pseudopod-forming nonflaggelated protozoa
most invasive parsite among entamoeba
eukaryotic organism that lacks membrane -bound organelles

A

entamoeba histolytica

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32
Q

Entamoeba histolytica transmission route

A

fecal-oral route

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33
Q

infective stage of E. histolytica

A

mature cysts

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34
Q

diagnostic stage of E. histolytica

A

trophozoites
mature cysts
immature cysts

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35
Q

Virulence factors of E. histolytica

A

lectin- adherence
amebapores - penetration
cysteine proteases - cytopathic effect

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36
Q

spectrum of disease E. histolytica

A

cyst carrier state
amebic colitis -dysentery without fever
ameboma
amebic liver abscess

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37
Q

dysentery without fever

flask-shaped colon ulcers

A

amebic colitis

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38
Q

most common extraintestinal form

anchovy-sauce like aspirate

A

amebic liver abscess

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39
Q

amebic granuloma

formation of annular colonic granulation

A

ameboma

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40
Q

Types of tx for amoebiasis

A

Tissue amoebicides - bowel wall and liver

Luminal amoebicides - act only in lumen of bowel

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41
Q

tissue amoebicides

A

chloroqiuine
emetines
metronidazole (DOC)
tinidazole

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42
Q

luminal amoebicides

enumerate

A

diloxanide furoate
iodoquinol
paromomycin

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43
Q

DOC

asymptomatic intestinal infection of e. histolytica

A

Diloxanide furoate

alt. iodoquinol, paromomycin

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44
Q

DOC mild to moderate intestinal infection

A

metronidazole + luminal agent

alt. tinidazole or tetracycline, or erythromycin plus luminal agent

45
Q

severe intestinal infection
e. histolytica
DOC

A

Metronidazole or tinidazole plus luminal agent

alt. tetracycline or emetine or dihydroemetine plus luminal agent

46
Q

Hepatic abscess and other exraintestinal disease
e. histolytica
DOC

A

Metronidazole or tinidazole plus luminal agent

alt. emetine or dihydroemetine plus chlorquine (for liver abscess) plus luminal agent

47
Q

Giadia lamlia is a flagellate that lives in the

A

duodenum, jejunum and upper ileum

48
Q

exhibits falling leaf motility
simple asexual life cycle
covered with variant surface proteins

A

Giadia lamblia

49
Q

transmission of G. lamblia

A

fecal-oral route

50
Q

infective stage of G. lamblia

A

cysts

51
Q

Diagnostic stage of G. lamblia

A

trophozoites and cysts

52
Q

facilitate attachment to avoid peristalsis for g. lamblia

A

adhesive disc and lectin

53
Q

pathogenesis involves villous flattening

crypt hypertrophy and disruption of cytoskeleton-> enterocyte apoptosis

A

G. lamblia

54
Q

s and s’x of acute infection

G. lamblia

A

abdominal pain
diarrhea
excessive flatus- rotten eggs

55
Q

Chronic infection with G. lamblia

A

constipation, weight loss and steatorrhea

56
Q

tx for G. lamblia

A

metronidazole

57
Q

opportunistic intestinal protozoa
undergoes schizohony and gametogony
autoinfection in immunocompromised host

A

cryptosoporidium parvum

58
Q

transmission of Cryptosporidium parvum,

A

fecal-oral route

59
Q

infective stage of Cryptosporidium parvum

A

thick walled oocysts

60
Q

diagnostic stage of Cryptosporidium parvum

A

thick-walled oocysts

61
Q

spectrum of disease

Cryptosporidium parvum

A

self limited non bloody diarrhea

severe life threatening diarrhea if CD4 < 200 due to autoinfection

62
Q

tx Cryptosporidium parvum

A

nitazoxanide

63
Q

urogenital protozoan
exists only as a trophozoite
pear-shaped , flaggelated trophozoite

A

trichomonas vaginalis

64
Q

transmission of trichomonas vaginalis

A

sexual intercourse

ping pong transmission

65
Q

watery , foul smelling, greenish vaginal discharge

accompanied by itching burning, strawberry cervix

A

Trichomoniasis

66
Q

tx trichomonas vaginalis

A

single oral dose of 2 grams (4 500 mg tablets) of metronidazole

67
Q

blood and tissue sporozoa

most important parasitic disease in man

A

plasmodium

68
Q

plasmodium life cycle

asexual and sexual

A

asexual - shizogony, gametogony

Sexual life cycle - sporogony

69
Q

transmission of plasmodium

A

bite of infected female mosquito (Anopheles flavirostris minismus)

70
Q

infective stage of plasmodium

A

sporozoites

71
Q

diagnostic stage of plasmodium

A

trophozoites (ring forms)

72
Q

in rbc affected by plasmodium what are pathologic findings from destruction of rbc

A

release of the merozoites and splenic sequestration of infected cells

73
Q

who are immune to malaria

A

people with rbc defects (G6PD, sickle cell)

74
Q

There is partial immunity seen in individuals who completely recover from falciparum malaria

T/F

A

T

75
Q

diagnosis technique for plasmodium spp.

A

thin and thick smears with Giemsa stain

76
Q

to screen for presence of plasmodium

A

thick smear with Giemsa stain

77
Q

for species identification of plasmodium

A

thin smears with Giemsa stain

78
Q

highest yield of smears for plasmodium is when blood samples taken during

A

during fever

or 2-3 hours after peak

79
Q

punctate granulations present in rbc invaded by p. ovale and p. vivax

A

Schuffner dots

80
Q

Malarial dots

A

Schuffner dots, Maurer dots, Ziemann dots

81
Q

coarse granulations present in rbc invaded by P. falciparum

A

Maurer dots

82
Q

fine dots present in red blood cells invaded by P. malariae

A

Ziemann dots

83
Q

spectrum of disease caused by plasmodium spp.

A

paroxysmal fever with malaise and bone pains
hemolytic anemia, jaundice, splenomegaly
parasitic pneumonitis
cerebral malaria - malarial or Durck granulomas
Acute renal failure (Blackwater fever)
Septic shock (algid malaria )

84
Q

tx for plasmodium that kill shizonts in the liver

A

tissue schizonticides

85
Q

kill plasmodium only in the erythrocyte

A

blood schizonticides

86
Q

kills plasmodium gametocytes in human blood

A

gametocides

87
Q

prevent sporogony and multiplication in mosquito

A

sporonticides

88
Q

tissue schizonticides of plasmodium

A

primaquine

89
Q

blood schizonticides of plasmodium

A

chloroquine, quinine

90
Q

gametocides of plasmodium

A

primaquine

91
Q

sporonticides of plasmodium

A

proguanil, pyrimethamine

92
Q

tx for falciparum and malariae infecions

A

chloroquine

93
Q

Tx for P. vivax and P. ovale infections

A

Chloroquine + primaquine

94
Q

Tx for uncomplicated infections wth chloroquine resistant P. falciparum

A

Quinine + Doxycycline / Clindamycin

alt. MAlarone (Atovaquone - Proguanil ) or mefloquien
or co-arthemeter + Lumefantrine

95
Q

severe or complicated infections with P. falciparum

A

Artesunate + Doxycycline / Clindamycin
or mefloqune / Malarone
or quinidine gluconate

alternative : artemether + Doxycyclien / Clindamycin
or mefloquine / Malarone

96
Q

Prophylaxis for areas without resistant p. falciparum

A

chloroquine

97
Q

areas with chloroquine resistant p. falciparum

A

malarone

or mefloquine

98
Q

areas with multi-drug resistant p. falciparum

A

doxycycline

99
Q

terminal prophylaxis of P. vivax and P. ovale infections alternative for primary prevention

A

primaquine

100
Q

definitive host of toxoplasma gondii

A

domestic cat

101
Q

transmission of toxoplasma gondii

A

ingestion of cysts in raw meat, contaminated food

transplacentally

102
Q

infective stage of toxoplasma gondii

A

fecal oocysts

103
Q

diagnostic stage of toxoplasma gondii

A

trophozoite (bradyzoites)

104
Q

2 types of trophozoites of toxoplasma gondii

A

tachyzoites - rapidly multiplying

bradyzoites - slowly multiplying

105
Q

preferrred diagnostic test with toxoplasma gondii

A

IgM antibody

106
Q

spectrum of toxoplasma gondii in

immunocompetent host

A

heterophil-negatie mononucleosis

107
Q

spectrum of toxoplasma gondii in

immunocompromised

A

encephalitis - ring enhancing lesions

108
Q

spectrum of toxoplasma gondii in

congenital

A

congenital toxoplasmosis - abortion, stillbirth, neonatal disease with hydrocephalus, encephalitis, chorioretinitis, hepatosplenomegaly
-intracranial calfications

109
Q

tx of toxoplasma gondii

A

sulfadiazine plus pyrimethamine

Microbiology (7 decks)

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