Parasitology Flashcards
1
Q
D-shaped eggs were recovered from the perianal swab of a child with anal pruritus
What is the infection
A
Enterobiasis (pinworm)
2
Q
Process of living together of 2 unlike organisms
A
Symbiosis
3
Q
one species benefits without harming or benefiting the other
A
commensalism
4
Q
both species benefit one another
A
mutualism
5
Q
one species benefits while harming the other
A
parasitism
6
Q
parasite lives inside the body of the host
A
endoparasite
7
Q
presence in host connotes infection
A
endoparasite
8
Q
lives outside the body of the host
A
ectoparasite
9
Q
presence in host connotes infestation
A
ectoparasite
10
Q
need a host at some stage of their life cycle to complete development and propagation
A
obligate parasite
11
Q
may exist in a free-living state but becomes parasitic when the need arises
A
facultative parasite
12
Q
parasite that establishes itself in a host it does not ordinaerily live
A
accidental/ incidental parasite
13
Q
remains on host for life
A
permanent parasite
14
Q
lives on host for short period of time
A
temporary parasite
15
Q
free-living organism that passes through digestive tract with infection of host
A
spurious parasite
16
Q
host where parasite attains sexual maturityb
A
definitive or final host
17
Q
in malaria which is the definitive host
A
mosquito
18
Q
host which harbors the asexual or larval stage
A
intemediate host
19
Q
host where parasite does not develop further to later stages
A
paratenic host
20
Q
allow life cycle to continue and become additional sources of human infection
A
reservoir host
21
Q
transmits parasite from one host to another
A
vector
22
Q
transmits parasite only after it has completed its development
A
biologic vector
23
Q
only tranports parasite
A
mechanical or phoretic vector
24
Q
infected individual becomes his own direct source of infection
A
autoinfection
25
infected individual is furhter infected with same species leading to massive infection
hyperinfection or superinfection
26
Modes of transmission
```
Contaminated food and water
Skin penetration
Arthropod vectors
Congenital transmission
Inhalation of airborne eggs
sexual intercours
```
27
what cells are affected by antiprotozoal drugs
high metabolic activity -neuronal, renal rubular, intestinal, bone marrow stem cells
28
protozoa infecting the intetinal tract
```
Entaemoeba histolytica (Amoebiasis)
Giardia lamblia (Giardiasis)
Cryptosporidium parvum (Cryptosporidiosis )
```
29
protozoa infecting the Urogenital tract
Trichomonas vaginalis (Trichomoniasis )
30
protozoa infecting blood and tissue
```
Plasmoidium spp (Malaria)
Toxoplasma gondii (Toxoplasmosis)
Trypanosoma spp. (Chagas diseases, sleeping sickness)
```
31
pseudopod-forming nonflaggelated protozoa
most invasive parsite among entamoeba
eukaryotic organism that lacks membrane -bound organelles
entamoeba histolytica
32
Entamoeba histolytica transmission route
fecal-oral route
33
infective stage of E. histolytica
mature cysts
34
diagnostic stage of E. histolytica
trophozoites
mature cysts
immature cysts
35
Virulence factors of E. histolytica
lectin- adherence
amebapores - penetration
cysteine proteases - cytopathic effect
36
spectrum of disease E. histolytica
cyst carrier state
amebic colitis -dysentery without fever
ameboma
amebic liver abscess
37
dysentery without fever
| flask-shaped colon ulcers
amebic colitis
38
most common extraintestinal form
| anchovy-sauce like aspirate
amebic liver abscess
39
amebic granuloma
| formation of annular colonic granulation
ameboma
40
Types of tx for amoebiasis
Tissue amoebicides - bowel wall and liver
| Luminal amoebicides - act only in lumen of bowel
41
tissue amoebicides
chloroqiuine
emetines
metronidazole (DOC)
tinidazole
42
luminal amoebicides
| enumerate
diloxanide furoate
iodoquinol
paromomycin
43
DOC
| asymptomatic intestinal infection of e. histolytica
Diloxanide furoate
| alt. iodoquinol, paromomycin
44
DOC mild to moderate intestinal infection
metronidazole + luminal agent
alt. tinidazole or tetracycline, or erythromycin plus luminal agent
45
severe intestinal infection
e. histolytica
DOC
Metronidazole or tinidazole plus luminal agent
alt. tetracycline or emetine or dihydroemetine plus luminal agent
46
Hepatic abscess and other exraintestinal disease
e. histolytica
DOC
Metronidazole or tinidazole plus luminal agent
alt. emetine or dihydroemetine plus chlorquine (for liver abscess) plus luminal agent
47
Giadia lamlia is a flagellate that lives in the
duodenum, jejunum and upper ileum
48
exhibits falling leaf motility
simple asexual life cycle
covered with variant surface proteins
Giadia lamblia
49
transmission of G. lamblia
fecal-oral route
50
infective stage of G. lamblia
cysts
51
Diagnostic stage of G. lamblia
trophozoites and cysts
52
facilitate attachment to avoid peristalsis for g. lamblia
adhesive disc and lectin
53
pathogenesis involves villous flattening
| crypt hypertrophy and disruption of cytoskeleton-> enterocyte apoptosis
G. lamblia
54
s and s’x of acute infection
| G. lamblia
abdominal pain
diarrhea
excessive flatus- rotten eggs
55
Chronic infection with G. lamblia
constipation, weight loss and steatorrhea
56
tx for G. lamblia
metronidazole
57
opportunistic intestinal protozoa
undergoes schizohony and gametogony
autoinfection in immunocompromised host
cryptosoporidium parvum
58
transmission of Cryptosporidium parvum,
fecal-oral route
59
infective stage of Cryptosporidium parvum
thick walled oocysts
60
diagnostic stage of Cryptosporidium parvum
thick-walled oocysts
61
spectrum of disease
| Cryptosporidium parvum
self limited non bloody diarrhea
| severe life threatening diarrhea if CD4 < 200 due to autoinfection
62
tx Cryptosporidium parvum
nitazoxanide
63
urogenital protozoan
exists only as a trophozoite
pear-shaped , flaggelated trophozoite
trichomonas vaginalis
64
transmission of trichomonas vaginalis
sexual intercourse
| ping pong transmission
65
watery , foul smelling, greenish vaginal discharge
| accompanied by itching burning, strawberry cervix
Trichomoniasis
66
tx trichomonas vaginalis
single oral dose of 2 grams (4 500 mg tablets) of metronidazole
67
blood and tissue sporozoa
| most important parasitic disease in man
plasmodium
68
plasmodium life cycle
| asexual and sexual
asexual - shizogony, gametogony
| Sexual life cycle - sporogony
69
transmission of plasmodium
bite of infected female mosquito (Anopheles flavirostris minismus)
70
infective stage of plasmodium
sporozoites
71
diagnostic stage of plasmodium
trophozoites (ring forms)
72
in rbc affected by plasmodium what are pathologic findings from destruction of rbc
release of the merozoites and splenic sequestration of infected cells
73
who are immune to malaria
people with rbc defects (G6PD, sickle cell)
74
There is partial immunity seen in individuals who completely recover from falciparum malaria
T/F
T
75
diagnosis technique for plasmodium spp.
thin and thick smears with Giemsa stain
76
to screen for presence of plasmodium
thick smear with Giemsa stain
77
for species identification of plasmodium
thin smears with Giemsa stain
78
highest yield of smears for plasmodium is when blood samples taken during
during fever
| or 2-3 hours after peak
79
punctate granulations present in rbc invaded by p. ovale and p. vivax
Schuffner dots
80
Malarial dots
Schuffner dots, Maurer dots, Ziemann dots
81
coarse granulations present in rbc invaded by P. falciparum
Maurer dots
82
fine dots present in red blood cells invaded by P. malariae
Ziemann dots
83
spectrum of disease caused by plasmodium spp.
paroxysmal fever with malaise and bone pains
hemolytic anemia, jaundice, splenomegaly
parasitic pneumonitis
cerebral malaria - malarial or Durck granulomas
Acute renal failure (Blackwater fever)
Septic shock (algid malaria )
84
tx for plasmodium that kill shizonts in the liver
tissue schizonticides
85
kill plasmodium only in the erythrocyte
blood schizonticides
86
kills plasmodium gametocytes in human blood
gametocides
87
prevent sporogony and multiplication in mosquito
sporonticides
88
tissue schizonticides of plasmodium
primaquine
89
blood schizonticides of plasmodium
chloroquine, quinine
90
gametocides of plasmodium
primaquine
91
sporonticides of plasmodium
proguanil, pyrimethamine
92
tx for falciparum and malariae infecions
chloroquine
93
Tx for P. vivax and P. ovale infections
Chloroquine + primaquine
94
Tx for uncomplicated infections wth chloroquine resistant P. falciparum
Quinine + Doxycycline / Clindamycin
alt. MAlarone (Atovaquone - Proguanil ) or mefloquien
or co-arthemeter + Lumefantrine
95
severe or complicated infections with P. falciparum
Artesunate + Doxycycline / Clindamycin
or mefloqune / Malarone
or quinidine gluconate
alternative : artemether + Doxycyclien / Clindamycin
or mefloquine / Malarone
96
Prophylaxis for areas without resistant p. falciparum
chloroquine
97
areas with chloroquine resistant p. falciparum
malarone
| or mefloquine
98
areas with multi-drug resistant p. falciparum
doxycycline
99
terminal prophylaxis of P. vivax and P. ovale infections alternative for primary prevention
primaquine
100
definitive host of toxoplasma gondii
domestic cat
101
transmission of toxoplasma gondii
ingestion of cysts in raw meat, contaminated food
| transplacentally
102
infective stage of toxoplasma gondii
fecal oocysts
103
diagnostic stage of toxoplasma gondii
trophozoite (bradyzoites)
104
2 types of trophozoites of toxoplasma gondii
tachyzoites - rapidly multiplying
| bradyzoites - slowly multiplying
105
preferrred diagnostic test with toxoplasma gondii
IgM antibody
106
spectrum of toxoplasma gondii in
| immunocompetent host
heterophil-negatie mononucleosis
107
spectrum of toxoplasma gondii in
| immunocompromised
encephalitis - ring enhancing lesions
108
spectrum of toxoplasma gondii in
| congenital
congenital toxoplasmosis - abortion, stillbirth, neonatal disease with hydrocephalus, encephalitis, chorioretinitis, hepatosplenomegaly
-intracranial calfications
109
tx of toxoplasma gondii
sulfadiazine plus pyrimethamine
