Parasitology Flashcards
1
Q
Process of living together of 2 unlike organisms
A
Symbiosis
2
Q
One species benefits without harming or benefiting the other
A
Commensalism
3
Q
Both species benefit one another
A
Mutualism
4
Q
One species benefits while harming the other
A
Parasitism
5
Q
Lives inside the body of the host; Presence in host connotes infection
A
Endoparasite
6
Q
Lives outside the body of the host; Presence in host connotes infestation
A
Ectoparasite
7
Q
Need a host at some stage of their life cycle to complete development and propagation
A
Obligate Parasite
8
Q
May exist in a free-living state but becomes parasitic when the need arises
A
Facultative Parasite
9
Q
Establishes itself in a host it does not ordinarily live
A
Accidental or Incidental Parasite
10
Q
Remains on host for life
A
Permanent Parasite
11
Q
Lives on host for short period of time
A
Temporary Parasite
12
Q
Free-living organism that passes through digestive tract with infecting the host
A
Spurious Parasite
13
Q
Parasite attains sexual maturity
A
Definitive or Final Host
14
Q
Harbors the asexual or larval stage
A
Intermediate Host
15
Q
Parasite does not develop further to later stages
A
Paratenic Host
16
Q
Allow life cycle to continue and become additional sources of human infection
A
Reservoir Host
17
Q
Transmits parasite from one host to another
A
Vector
18
Q
Transmits parasite only after it has completed its development
A
Biologic Vector
19
Q
Mechanical or Phoretic Vector
A
Only transports the parasite
20
Q
Process of inoculating an infective agent
A
Exposure
21
Q
Establishment of infective agent inside host
A
Infection
22
Q
Between infection and evidence o symptoms
A
Incubation Period (Clinical)
23
Q
Between infection and demonstration of infection
A
Pre-patent Period (Biological)
24
Q
Infected individual becomes his own direct source of infection
A
Auto infection
25
Infected individual is further infected with the same species leading to massive infection
Hyperinfection or Superinfection
26
E. histolytica trophozoites secrete cysteine proteases which digest cellular material
Enzymatic Interference
27
Plasmodium invades RBCs and cause rupture
Invasion and Destruction
28
D. latum competes with host for available supply of Vitamin B12
Nutrient Deprivation
29
E. histolytica produces suppressor factor that inhibits monocyte movement
Immune Suppression
30
Surface protein variation in T. gambiense
Antigenic Variation
31
E. granulosus carries blood group antigens
Host Mimicry
32
T. gondii multiplies inside macrophages
Intracellular Sequestration
33
Pseudopod-forming nonflagellated protozoa (Brownian Movement); Most invasive parasite among Entamoeba; Eukaryotic organism that lacks membrane-bound organelles; Fecal-oral route; Mature cysts; Trophozoites, mature cysts, immature cysts
Entamoeba histolytica
34
Mediates adherence
Lectin
35
For penetration
Amoebapores
36
For cytopathic effect
Cysteine proteases
37
Dysentery without fever; Flask-shaped colon ulcers
Amebic colitis
38
Associated with dysentery
Ameboma
39
Most common extraintestinal form;Anchovy sauce-like aspirate
Amebic liver abscess
40
Treatment for cyst carrier state
Diloxanide furoate
41
Treatment of Amebic colitis
Metronidazole
42
Treatment of Amebic Liver Abscess
MetronidazolePercutaneous drainage for nonresponders
43
Flagellate that lives in the duodenum, jejunum and upper ileum; Falling leaf motility; Simple asexual life cycle; Covered with variant surface proteins
Giardia lamblia
44
Abdominal pain, diarrhea and excessive flatus, smelling like rotten eggs
Acute Infection of Giardia lamblia
45
Constipation, weight loss and Steatorrhea
Chronic Infection of Giardia lamblia
46
Treatment of Giardia lamblia
Metronidazole
47
Opportunistic intestinal protozoa; Undergoes schizogony and gametogony; Autoinfection in immunocompromised patients; fecal-oral route; thick-walled oocysts
Cryptosporidium parvum
48
Treatment of Cryptosporidium parvum
DOC: Nitazoxanide
49
Urogenital protozoan; Exists only as a trophozoite; Pear-shaped, flagellated trophozoites; Sexual intercourse transmission; "Pingpong" transmission
Trichomonas vaginalis
50
Watery, foul-smelling, greenish vaginal discharge, accompanied by itching and burning; Strawberry cervix
Trichomoniasis
51
Treatment of Trichomoniasis
Single oral dose of 2 grams (4 500mg tablets) of Metronidazole
52
Blood and tissue sporozoa; Most important parasitic disease in man; Asexual life cycle consists of shizogony and gametogony; Sexual life cycle involves sporogony; Bite of infected female mosquito (Anopheles flavirostris minimus)
Plasmodium spp.
53
Recurrence of symptoms after a temporary abatement; Seen in P. falciparum and P. malariae
Recrudescence
54
Return of a disease after its apparent cessation (1-6mos) due to reactivation of hypnozoites; Seen in P. ovale and P. vivax
Relapse
55
Punctate granulations present in red blood cells invaded by P. ovale and P. vivax
Schuffner Dots
56
Coarse granulations present in red blood cells invaded by P. falciparum
Maurer Dots
57
Fine dots present in red blood cells invaded by P. malariae
Ziemann Dots
58
Paroxysmal fever with malaise and bone pains, hemolytic anemia, jaindice and splenomegaly; cerebral malaria (malarial or Durck granuloma); Acute renal failure (blackwater fever); Septic shock (algid malaria)
Malaria
59
Drug Therapy: Chloroquine-sensitive P. falciparum and P. malariae infections
Chloroquine
60
Drug Therapy: P. vivax and P. ovale infections
Chloroquine + Primaquine
61
Drug Therapy: Uncomplicated infections with Chloroquine-resistant P. falciparum
Quinine + Doxycycline/Clindamycin
62
Drug Therapy: Severe or complicated infections with P. falciparum
Artesunate + Doxycycline/Clindamycin or Mefloquine/MalaroneORQuinidine gluconate
63
Drug Therapy: Chloroquine-resistance
Mefloquine + Doxycycline
64
Drug Therapy: Eradication of Hypnozoites
Primaquine
65
Drug Therapy: Severe cases or pregnant
Quinidine or Quinine
66
Prophylaxis: Areas without resistant P. falciparum
Chloroquine
67
Prophylaxis: Areas with chloroquine-resistant P. falciparum
Malarone
68
Prophylaxis: Areas with chloroquine-resistant P. falciparum
Mefloquine
69
Prophylaxis: Areas with multidrug-resistant P. falciparum
Doxycycline
70
Prophylaxis: Terminal prophylaxis of P. vivax and P. ovale infections; Alternative for primary prevention
Primaquine
71
Tissue protozoan; Definitive host: domestic host; humans and other mammals are intermediate hosts; ingestion of cysts in raw meat, contaminated food, transplacentally; fecal oocyts; 2 types of trophozoites: tachyzoites and bradyzoites
Toxoplasma gondii
72
Immunocompetent; immunocompromised; Encephalitis: ring-enhancing lesions; congenital toxoplasmosis: intracranial calcifications
Toxoplasmosis
73
Treatment of Toxoplasmosis
Sulfadiazine plus pyrimethamine
74
Blood and tissue protozoan; 4 forms: amastigote, promastigote, epimastigote, trypomastigote; transmitted by reduviid bug; trypomastigotes in blood
Trypanosoma cruzi
75
Allowing an uninfected, laboratory-raised reduviid bug to feed on the patient
Xenodiagnosis
76
Periorbital edema (Romana's sign); Nodule near bite (chagoma); Fever, LAD, and hepatosplenomegaly
Acute Chagas' Disease
77
Myocarditis, megacolon, megaesophagus, achalasia
Chronic Disease (Trypanosoma cruzi)
78
Treatment of Chagas'
Nifurtimox
79
Blood and tissue protozoan; Only 2 forms: Epimastigote, Trypomastigote; remarkable antigenic variation; Transmission: tsetse fly
Trypanosoma brucei
80
Indurated skin ulcer
Trypanosomal chancre
81
Enlargement of the posterior cervical LN
Winterbottom's Sign
82
Hyperesthesia
Kerandel's sign
83
Plasma cells with cytoplasmic immunoglobulin globules
Mott cells
84
Treatment of Sleeping sickness
Suramin for blood-borne diseaseMelarsoprol for CNS penetration
85
Flagellated marine protists; Algal blooms cause red tide; Most common cause in the Philippines is Pyrodinum bahamense var. compressum; transmission by eating bivalve mollusks and fish obtained from red tide
Dinoflagellates
86
Paralytic; 15mins; Facial paresthesia, total paralysis, respiratory failure
Saxitoxin
87
Neurotoxin; 15mins; Facial paresthesia, slurred speech, ataxia, diarrhea
Brevetoxin
88
Diarrhetic; 30mins; Diarrhea, nausea and vomiting, abdominal pain
Okadaic acid
89
Amnesic; 30mins; Diarrhea, short term, memory loss, seizures
Domoic acid
90
Free living amoeba; Common in public pools
Granuloma Amebic Encephalitis (Acanthamoeba castellani)
91
Free living amoeba; Intranasal; Acquired while swimming in contaminated pools
Primary Amebic Meningoencephalitis (Naegleria fowleri)
92
Only ciliated protozoan to cause human disease; Associated with pigs; Round-based, wide-necked intestinal ulcers
Balantidial dysentery (Balantidium coli)
93
Transmitted by the bite of Ixodes tick; Intraerythrocytic ring-shaped trophozoites in tetrads in the form of a Maltese cross; Blood protozoan
Babesia microti (Babesiosis)
94
Transmitted by sandfly (Phlebotomus); Infective promastigotes
Leishmania spp.
95
Cutaneous Leishmaniasis
Leishmania tropica
96
Visceral Leishmaniasis / Kala-azar
Leishmania donovani
97
Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis
Leishmania braziliensis
98
DOC of Leishmaniasis
Sodium stibogluconate
99
Coccidial sporozoa; Cause diarrhea in immunocompromised patients
Cyclospora cayetanensis & Isospora belli
100
Intestinal cestodes; With 4 suckers and a rostellum; 5-10 primary uterine branches in a gravid proglottid; transmission: undercooked meat; Mild intestinal symptoms; can cause neurocysticercosis and worms in vitreous humor
Taenia solium
101
Intestinal cestodes; With 4 suckers and no rostellum; 15-25 primary uterine branches in a gravid proglottid; transmission: undercooked meat; Abdominal pain, weight loss, pruritus ani
Taenia saginata
102
Treatment of Taenia spp.
DOC: Praziquantel
103
Has elongated sucking grooves for attachment; Have operculated eggs; intermediate hosts: fish and copepods; transmission: undercooked fish; causes abdominal pain, diarrhea, megaloblastic anemia due to vitamin B12 deficiency
Diphyllobothrium latum
104
Infective stage of Diphyllobothrium latum
Plerocercoid larvae
105
Diagnostic stage of Diphyllobothrium latum
Unembryonated egg
106
Treatment of Diphyllobothrium latum
Praziquantel
107
Composed of a scolex and only three proglottids; One of the smallest tapeworms; Intermediate host: sheep/man; definitive host: dog; Transmission: ingestion of eggs; Life-threatening anaphylaxis can occur
Echinococcus granulosus
108
Infective stage of Echinococcus granulosus
Embryonated egg
109
Diagnostic stage of Echinococcus granulosus
Hydatid cysts
110
Treatment of Echinococcus granulosus
Surgical resection and DOC: AlbendazolePAIR procedure (Puncture, Aspiration, Injection, Reaspiration)
111
Definitive host: foxes; Intermediate host: rodents; Multiloculated cyts (honeycomb vesicles)
Echinococcus multilocularis
112
Dwarf tapeworm; Most common tapeworm in developed countries; Eggs are directly infectious; Polar filaments and six-hooked larva
Hymenolepsis nana
113
Rat tapeworm; Accidental parasite; Transmitted by ingestion of insects harboring eggs
Hymenolepsis diminuta
114
Most common tapeworm of dogs and cats; Barrel-shaped proglottids
Dipylidium caninum
115
Oriental blood fluke; Adult schistosomes exist as separate sexes; Reside in the mesenteric and portal veins; Intermediate host: snail (Oncomelania hupensis quadrasi); Transmission: cercariae penetrate skin; Liver granulomas lead to presinusoidal obstruction, hepatomegaly, and portal hypertension
Schistosoma japonicum
116
Infective stage of Schistosoma japonicum
Cercariae
117
Diagnostic stage of Schistosoma japonicum
Eggs in feces
118
Diagnostics of Schistosoma japonicum
Kato-Katz techniqueCircumoval Precipitin Test (Ovoid egg with small hook)
119
Itching and dermatitis; Acute disease of Schistosoma japonicum
Swimmer's itch
120
Systemic hypersensitivity, resembling serum sickness; Acute disease of Schistosoma japonicum
Katayama Fever
121
Chronic liver disease, portal hypertension, colonic, pulmonary, cerebral involvement (Jacksonian seizures)
Chronic disease of Schistosoma japonicum
122
Treatment of Schistosoma japonicum
Praziquantel
123
Lung fluke; Hermaphrodite; Intermediate host: Snail (Antemelania asperata), mountain crab (Sundathelphusa philippina); Transmission: undercooked/raw crab meat; chronic cough with bloody sputum, ring-shadowed opacity on chest x-ray, closely resembles tuberculosis
Paragonimus westermani
124
Infective stage of Paragonimus westermani
Metacercariae
125
Diagnostic stage of Paragonimus westermani
Unembryonated egg
126
Diagnostics of Paragonimus westermani
3% NaOH preparation
127
Treatment of Paragonimus westermani
Praziquantel
128
Asian liver flukes; Hermaphrodite; Intermediate host: snail (Parafossarulus), Fish (Cyprinidae); Transmission: undercooked/raw fish
Clonorchis sinensis
129
Infective stage of Paragonimus westermani
Metacercariae
130
Diagnostic stage of Paragonimus westermani
Embryonated egg
131
Diagnostics of Paragonimus westermani
Direct fecal smearPotassium permanganate stain (melon-like ridges)
132
Fever, eosinophila, LAD, and tender hepatomegaly
Acute disease of Paragonimus westermani
133
Hepatobiliary disease, pancreatitis, Cholangiocarcinoma, Neurocirculatory dystonia
Chronic disease of Paragonimus westermani
134
Treatment of Paragonimus westermani
Praziquantel
135
Sheep liver fluke; Transmitted by eating watercress or other aquatic plants; Halzoun - obstructive jaundice and painful pharyngitis
Fasciola hepatica
136
Intestinal fluke; Transmission: eating aquatic vegetation; Gland abscesses; Worm intoxication - anasarca and coma resulting from accumulation of toxins
Fasciolopsis buski
137
Intestinal fluke; transmitted by eating raw fish containing cysts; Mimics peptic ulcer disease
Heterophyes heterophyes & Metagonimus yokagawai
138
Most common and largest intestinal nematode; Giant roundworm; Soil-transmitted helminth; Transmission: ingestion of eggs; Major damage during larval migration; Principal site of tissue reaction is the lungs; Heavy worm burden may contribute to malnutrition
Ascaris lumbricoides
139
Infective stage of Ascaris lumbricoides
Embryonated egg
140
Diagnostic stage of Ascaris lumbricoides
Unembryonated egg only
141
Diagnostics of Ascaris lumbricoides
Direct fecal smearKato-katz technique
142
Hypersensitivity pneumonitis
Loeffler's Syndrome
143
Treatment of Ascaris lumbricoides
DOC: Albendazole
144
Soil-transmitted helminth; Blood-sucking nematodes; Hookworms; transmission: larvae penetrate skin; major damage due to blood loss at site of attachment causing microcytic anemia
Necator americanus & Ancylostoma duodenale
145
Infective stage of Necator americanus & Ancylostoma duodenale
Filariform larvae
146
Diagnostic stage of Necator americanus & Ancylostoma duodenale
Eggs in feces
147
Ground itch at site of entry; Serpiginous tracks (cutaneous larvae migrans; eosinophilic pneumonia
Acute disease of Necator americanus & Ancylostoma duodenale
148
Diagnostics of Necator americanus & Ancylostoma duodenale
Direct fecal smearKato-katz Technique
149
Microcytic, Hypochromic Anemia; Hypoalbuminemia
Chronic Anemia of Necator americanus & Ancylostoma duodenale
150
Treatment of Necator americanus & Ancylostoma duodenale
Albendazole
151
Whipworm; Soil transmitted helminth; barrel shaped eggs with bipolar plugs; transmission: ingestion of eggs; burrow their hairlike anterior ends into the intestinal mucosa; Do not cause significant anemia; diarrhea and rectal prolapse
Trichuris trichiura
152
Infective stage of Trichuris trichiura
Embryonated egg
153
Diagnostic stage of Trichuris trichiura
Unembryonated egg
154
Diagnostics of Trichuris trichiura
Direct fecal smearKato-katz Technique
155
Treatment of Trichuris trichiura
DOC: Mebendazole
156
Pinworm or seatworm; soil transmitted helminth; life cycle is confined to humans; Most common STH in developed countries (Cosmopolitan worm); transmission: ingestion of eggs, inhalation of eggs; causing perianal pruritus (Pruritus ani)
Enterobius vermicularis
157
Infective stage of Enterobius vermicularis
Embryonated egg
158
Diagnostic stage of Enterobius vermicularis
Eggs on perianal folds
159
Diagnostics of Enterobius vermicularis
Graham's Scotch Tape Technique
160
Pruritus ani, eosinophilic enterocolitis, vulvovaginitis, appendicitis (oxyuriasis)
Enterobiasis
161
Treatment of Enterobius vermicularis
DOC: Pyrantel pamoate
162
Soil-transmitted helminth; Facultative parasites; Transmission: larvae penetrate skin; larvae penetrate intestinal wall directly without leaving host and migrate o the lungs (autoinfection)
Strongyloides stercoralis
163
Infective stage of Strongyloides stercoralis
Filariform larvae
164
Diagnostic stage of Strongyloides stercoralis
Rhabditiform larvae
165
Diagnostics of Strongyloides stercoralis
Harada-Mori Culture
166
Ground itch at site of entry; mild watery diarrhea; eosinophilic pneumonia
Acute disease of Strongyloides stercoralis
167
Serpiginous track (Larva currens); Duodenitis; Paradoxical asthma; Hyperinfection syndrome
Chronic disease of Strongyloides stercoralis
168
Treatment of Strongyloides stercoralis
DOC: Ivermectin
169
Intestinal nematode; Only nematode whose life cycle involves a migratory bird; peanut-shaped eggs with flattened bipolar plugs; Transmission: undercooked fish; Leads to ulcerative and compressive degeneration of enterocytes, resulting in severe malabsorption
Capillaria philippinensis
170
Infective stage of Capillaria philippinensis
Infective larvae
171
Diagnostic stage of Capillaria philippinensis
Unembryonated egg
172
Diagnostics of Capillaria philippinensis
Direct fecal smearKato-katz technique
173
Borborygmus, fever, abdominal pain, eosinophilia
Acute disease of Capillaria philippinensis
174
Chronic watery diarrhea, edema, wasting, protein-losing enteropathy, hypogammaglobulinemia
Chronic disease of Capillaria philippinensis
175
Treatment of Capillaria philippinensis
DOC: Albendazole
176
Blood and tissue nematode; Most debilitating nematode infection; transmission: mosquito bite; adult worms in the lymph nodes cause inflammation that obstructs lymphatic vessels, causing lymphedema; Microfilariae do not cause symptoms
Wuchereria bancrofti & Brugia malayi
177
Infective stage of Wuchereria bancrofti & Brugia malayi
L3 larvae (3rd stage larvae)
178
Diagnostic stage of Wuchereria bancrofti & Brugia malayi
Microfilariae
179
Diagnostics of Wuchereria bancrofti & Brugia malayi
Thick blood smearDEC (Diethylcarbamazine) Provocation Test
180
Acute adenolymphangitis; filarial fever; Nocturnal wheezing (tropical pulmonary eosinophilia) with small epithelioid granulomas (Meyers-Kouvenaar bodies); Expatriate syndrome
Acute disease of Wuchereria bancrofti & Brugia malayi
181
Hydrocoele, elephantiasis, milky urine (chyluria)
Chronic disease of Wuchereria bancrofti & Brugia malayi
182
Treatment of Wuchereria bancrofti & Brugia malayi
Diethylcarbamazine
183
Tissue nematode; intermediate hosts: pigs; transmission: undercooked pork
Trichinella spiralis
184
Infective and Diagnostic Stage of Trichinella spiralis
Encysted larvae
185
Diagnostics of Trichinella spiralis
Muscle biopsyXenodiagnosis
186
Fever, muscle pain, periorbital edema, eosinophilia and hemorrhagic phenomena
Mild disease of Trichinella spiralis
187
Myocarditis, encephalitis, pneumonia, respiratory myositis
Severe disease of Trichinella spiralis
188
Treatment of Trichinella spiralis
DOC: Thiabendazole
189
Transmitted by female blackfly (Simulium); With dermal nodules, hanging groin, lizard skin, river blindness
Onchocerca volvulus
190
Lysis of worms of Onchocerca volvulus leads to
Mazzoti reaction (flu-like reaction)
191
Treatment of Onchocerca volvulus
DOC: Ivermectin
192
Transmitted by deer fly or mango fly (Chrysops); Subcutaneous edema (Calabar swellings); worm crawling across the conjunctiva
Loa loa
193
Serpent of Istraelites; Guinea fire worm; Transmitted when copepods are swallowed in water; Pruritic painful papule, live worm in skin ulcer
Dracunculus medinensis
194
Treatment of Dracunculus medinensis
Mechanical removal of worm
195
Dog ascaris; Visceral larva migrans; ocular toxoplasmosis - ocular larva migrans, uveitis, endophthalmitis
Toxocara canis
196
Dog and cat hookworm; creeping eruptions (cutaneous larva migrans)
Ancylostoma caninum and Ancylostoma braziliense
197
Transmitted in undercooked seafood, eosinophilic meningitis; Most common cause of parasitic meningitis
Angiostrongylus cantonensis
198
Zoonotic roundworms; Ingested in raw seafood; Causes eosinophilic gastroenteritis
Anisakis simplex
199
Infective stage of Taenia spp.
Cysticerci andEggs (T. solium)
200
Diagnostic stage of Taenia spp.
Gravid proglottids
201
Infective stage of Trypanosoma cruzi and brucei
Metacyclic trypomastigotes
202
Diagnostic stage of Trypanosoma cruzi and brucei
Trypomastigotes in blood
203
Infective stage of Toxoplasma gondii
Fecal oocyts
204
Diagnostic stage of Toxoplasma gondii
Trophozoite (bradyzoites)
205
Infective stage of Plasmodium spp.
Sporozoites
206
Diagnostic stage of Plasmodium spp.
Trophozoites (ring forms)
207
Infective and Diagnostic stage of Trichomonas vaginalis
Trophozoites
208
Infective and Diagnostic stage of Cryptosporidium parvum
Thick-walled oocysts
209
Infective stage of Giardia lamblia
Cysts
210
Diagnostic stage of Giardia lamblia
Trophozoites, Cysts
211
Infective stage of Entamoeba histolytica
Mature cysts
212
Diagnostic stage of Entamoeba histolytica
TrophozoitesMature cystsImmature cysts
