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Infectious Flashcards

1
Q

Microbes that can cause disease

A

Pathogens

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2
Q

Cause disease only in immunocompromised people

A

Opportunistic pathogens

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3
Q

Measure of a microbe’s ability to cause disease

A

Virulence

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4
Q

Virulence factors

A

CapsulesExotoxinsEndotoxins

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5
Q

Number of organisms required to cause disease in 50% of the population

A

ID50

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6
Q

Presence of microbes in the body and symptoms of disease

A

Infection

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7
Q

Mechanisms of bacterial disease

A

Production of toxinsInduction of inflammation

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8
Q

Modes of Transmission: Human to Human

A

Direct: sexual or transvaginalFecal-oralInhalationTransplacentalBlood-borne

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9
Q

Modes of Transmission: Nonhuman to Human

A

SoilWaterDirect animal sourceVector-borneAnimal excretaFomites

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10
Q

Surface proteins that mediate binding to endothelium and to extracellular proteins such as fibronectin

A

Curli

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11
Q

Spread through subcutaneous tissue

A

Hyaluronidase (destroy connective tissue)Collagenase

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12
Q

Accelerates formation of a fibrin clot coating organisms with a layer of fibrin

A

Coagulase

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13
Q

Allows adherence to mucous membranes

A

Immunoglobulin A (IgA) protease

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14
Q

Destroys both neutrophilic leukocytes and macrophages

A

Leukocidin

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15
Q

Leukocidin of Staphylococcus aureus

A

Panton Valentine Leukocidin (PV Leukocidin)

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16
Q

Bacteria with IgA protease

A

Streptococcus pneumoniaHaemophilus influenzaeNeisseria meningitidisNeisseria gonorrhoeae

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17
Q

Protect against phagocytosis; Antiphagocytic factor

A

Polysaccharide Capsule

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18
Q

Proteins produced to attach to bacteria to be easily engulfed

A

Opsonins

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19
Q

Anticapsular antibodies allow more effective phagocytosis to occur

A

Opsonization

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20
Q

Cell protein of S. pyogenes: antiphagocytic

A

M protein

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21
Q

Cell wall protein of S. aureus that prevents complement activation

A

Protein A

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22
Q

Source of Exotoxin

A

Gram (+) and (-)

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23
Q

Source of Endotoxin

A

Gram (-)

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24
Q

Secreted from cell: Endotoxin or Exotoxin?

A

Exotoxin

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25
Q

Chemistry of Exotoxin

A

Polypeptide

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26
Q

Chemistry of Endotoxin

A

Lipopolysaccharide

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27
Q

Location of genes: Exotoxin

A

Plasmid or Bacteriophage

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28
Q

Location of genes: Endotoxin

A

Bacterial chromosome

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29
Q

Toxicity of Exotoxin

30
Q

Toxicity of Endotoxin

31
Q

Antigenicity of Exotoxin

32
Q

Antigenicity of Endotoxin

33
Q

Used for vaccines

A

Exotoxins (Endotoxin: No available vaccine)

34
Q

Heat stability of Exotoxins

A

Destroyed rapidly at 60C (Except Staphylococcal enterotoxin - heat stable)

35
Q

Heat stability of Endotoxins

A

Stable at 100C for 1 hour

36
Q

Overreactive immune response; Can elicit widespread activation of the complement and coagulation cascades

A

Superantigen

37
Q

Toxin diluted with formalin

38
Q

Active subunit of Exotoxin

39
Q

Binding subunit of Exotoxin

40
Q

Exotoxin of Diphtheria toxin, Cholera toxin, Escherichia coli heat-labile toxin, Pertussis toxin

A

ADP-ribosylation (leads to Protein synthesis inhibition)

41
Q

Exotoxin of Toxic Shock Syndrome toxin, Staphylococcal enterotoxin, Erythrogenic toxin

A

Superantigen (highly toxic; cause hyperimmune reaction)

42
Q

Exotoxin of Tetanus toxin, Botulinum toxin, Lethal factor of anthrax toxin, Scalded skin toxin

43
Q

Exotoxin of Clostridium perfringens alpha toxin

A

Lecithinase

44
Q

The toxic component of LPS; Overproduction of cytokines; Activates complement cascade; Activates coagulation cascade

45
Q

All bacteria have cell walls composed of peptidoglycan EXCEPT

A

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

46
Q

All gram (+) bacteria have NO endotoxin EXCEPT

A

Listeria monocytogenes

47
Q

All bacteria capsules are composed of polysaccharide EXCEPT

A

Bacillus anthracis

48
Q

All exotoxins are heat-labile EXCEPT

A

Staphylococcal enterotoxin

49
Q

Bacteria isolated: Various gram (+) cocci; Determines pattern of hemolysis

A

Blood Agar

50
Q

Bacteria isolated: Various gram (-) rods; Selects against gram (+) bacteria and differentiates between lactose fermenters and nonfermenters

A

MacConkey AgarEosin-methylene blue (EMB) Agar (selective)

51
Q

Bacteria isolated: Various gram (-) rods; Distinguishes lactose fermenters from nonfermenters and H2S producers from nonproducers

A

Triple sugar iron (TSI)

52
Q

Agar: Clostridium perfringers

A

Egg-yolk Agar

53
Q

Agar: Corynebacterium diphtheriae

A

Tellurite Agar

54
Q

Agar: Group D Streptococci

A

Bile Esculin Agar

55
Q

Agar: Staphylococci

A

Mannitol salts Agar

56
Q

Agar: N. Meningitidis; N. gonorrhoeae from sterile sites

A

Chocolate Agar

57
Q

Agar: N. gonorrhoeae from nonsterile sites

A

Thayer-martin Agar

58
Q

Agar: Haemophilus influenzae

A

Chocolate + Factor X and V Agar

59
Q

Antibiotics added in Thayer-Martin Medium

A

Vancomycin (gram +)Celestine (gram -)Nystatin (fungi)

60
Q

Medium: Grows 1 group, Will not allow other group to grow

A

Selective Medium

61
Q

Medium: Differentiate biochemical characteristics

A

Differential Medium

62
Q

Agar: Mycobacterium tuberculosis

A

Lowenstein-Jensen Medium

63
Q

Agar: Vibrio cholerae

A

Thiosulfate Citrate Bile Salts Medium

64
Q

Agar: Bordetella pertussis

A

Bordet-Gengou or Regan-Lowe Medium

65
Q

Agar: Legionella pneumophila

A

Charcoal-yeast extract Medium

66
Q

Agar: Campylobacter, Helicobacter

A

Skirrow’s or Campy’s Medium

67
Q

Agar: Borrelia burgdorferi

A

Barbour-Stoenner-Kelly (BSK) Medium

68
Q

Agar: Mycoplasma pneumoniae

A

Eaton Medium

69
Q

Agar: Pseudomonas aeruginosa

A

Cetrimide Medium

70
Q

Agar: Salmonella, Shigella

A

Xylose-Lysine-Deoxycholate (XLD) Medium

71
Q

Agar: Leptospira interrogans

A

Ellinghausen-McCullough-Johnson-Harris (EMJH) Medium

72
Q

Mycobacterium leprae

A

No culture medium (in vivo growth)

microbiology (8 decks)

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