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Generalities Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

DNA within a nuclear membrane: Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes?

A

Eukaryotes

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2
Q

Mitotic division: Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes?

A

Eukaryotes

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3
Q

DNA associated with histones: Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes?

A

Eukaryotes

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4
Q

Chromosome number of Prokaryotes

A

One

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5
Q

Chromosome number of Eukaryotes

A

More than one

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6
Q

Membrane-bound organelles: Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes?

A

Eukaryotes

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7
Q

Size of Ribosome of Prokaryotes

A

30s 50s (70s)

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8
Q

Size of Ribosome of Eukaryotes

A

40s 60s (80s)

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9
Q

Cell wall containing Peptidoglycan: Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes?

A

Prokaryotes

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10
Q

Noncellular pathogens that can only reproduce when present within a living cell

A

Virus

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11
Q

Basic unit of life

A

Cell

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12
Q

Obligate intracellular but acellular parasites of plants with naked RNA; Do not cause human diseases

A

Viroids

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13
Q

Mobile genetic elements

A

Transposons

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14
Q

DNA pieces that move readily from 1 site to another either within or between the DNA of bacteria, plasmids and bacteriophages

A

Jumping genes

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15
Q

DNA replication followed by insertion of new copy into another site

A

Replicative Transposition

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16
Q

DNA is excised from the site without replicating and then inserted into the new site

A

Direct Transposition

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17
Q

Infectious proteinaceous agents with high beta-sheath content; Expressed in neurons

A

Prions

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18
Q

Susceptible to protease; Soluble in detergent

A

PrPc

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19
Q

Appearance of the vacuolated neurons with loss of function and lack of an immune response or inflammation; With prion proteins inside

A

Spongiform Encephalopathies

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20
Q

Approximate diameter: Viruses

A

0.02-0.2 um (under electron microscope only)

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21
Q

Approximate diameter: Bacteria

A

1-5 um

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22
Q

Approximate diameter: Fungi

A

3-10 um (yeasts)

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23
Q

Approximate diameter: Protozoa and Helminths

A

15-25 um (trophozoites)

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24
Q

Nucleic Acid: Viruses

A

Either DNA OR RNA

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25
Q

Nucleic Acid: Bacteria, Fungi, Protozoa, Helminths

A

Both DNA AND RNA

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26
Q

Type of Nucleus: Viruses

A

None

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27
Q

Type of Nucleus: Bacteria

A

Prokaryotic

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28
Q

Type of Nucleus: Fungi, Protozoa, Helminths

A

Eukaryotic

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29
Q

Ribosomes: Fungi, Protozoa, Helminths

A

80s (40s 60s)

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30
Q

Ribosomes: Viruses

A

Absent

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31
Q

Ribosomes: Bacteria

A

70s (30s 50s)

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32
Q

Mitochondria: Fungi, Protozoa, Helminths

A

Present

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33
Q

Mitochondria: Viruses, Bacteria

A

Absent (metabolic enzyme of bacteria: in the cytoplasm)

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34
Q

Nature of outer surface: Viruses

A

Protein capsid and Lipoprotein envelope

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35
Q

Nature of outer surface: Bacteria

A

Rigid wall containing Peptidoglycan

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36
Q

Nature of outer surface: Fungi

A

Rigid wall containing Chitin (cell wall)

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37
Q

Nature of outer surface: Protozoa and Helminths

A

Flexible membrane (Cholesterol - lipid bilayer)

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38
Q

Motility: Viruses

A

None

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39
Q

Motility: Bacteria

A

Some (those with flagella)

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40
Q

Motility: Fungi

A

None

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41
Q

Motility: Protozoa and Helminths

A

Most

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42
Q

Method of Replication: Viruses

A

Not binary fission

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43
Q

Method of Replication: Bacteria

A

Binary Fission

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44
Q

Method of Replication: Fungi

A

Budding or Mitosis2

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45
Q

Method of Replication: Protozoa and Helminths

A

Mitosis3

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46
Q

Only vertebrate flagellated cell

A

Sperm

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47
Q

Human Prion Disease: Present with higher cortical function impairment; Sensorial changes, loss of cognition

A

Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease

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48
Q

Human Prion Disease: Present with cerebellar function impairment; Loss of correlation

A

Kuru Disease

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49
Q

Animal Prion Disease of sheep and goats

A

Scrapie

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50
Q

Most common Animal Prion Disease

A

Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) or Mad cow Disease

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51
Q

Animal Prion Disease of mule, deer, elk

A

Chronic Wasting Disease

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52
Q

Pathogenesis of Prion Diseases

A

Very long incubation periods, as long as 30 years

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53
Q

Transmission of Prion Diseases

A

Via infected tissue, cuts in skin; transplantation of contaminated tissues (cornea); use of contaminated medical devices (brain electrodes); ingestion of infected tissue (cannibalism); via inherited syndrome

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54
Q

Spectrum of Disease: Prion Diseases

A

Progressive neurodegenerative disease: loss of muscle control, shivering, myoclonic jerks and tremors, loss of coordination, rapidly progressive dementia, death

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55
Q

Treatment of Prion Diseases

A

No treatment available

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56
Q

Same amino acid sequence

A

Isomers

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57
Q

Proteins with same amino acid sequence but different folding patterns

A

Conformers

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58
Q

Bacterial shape: Spheres

A

Cocci

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59
Q

Bacterial shape: Rods

A

Bacilli

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60
Q

Bacterial shape: Spirals

A

Spirochetes

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61
Q

Bacterial shape: Spherical rods

A

Coccobacilli

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62
Q

Pattern of Cocci: Pairs

A

Diplococci

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63
Q

Pattern of Cocci: Chains

A

Streptococci

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64
Q

Pattern of Cocci: Clusters

A

Staphylococci

65
Q

Smallest bacteria

A

Mycoplasma sp.

66
Q

Largest bacteria

A

Thiomargarita namibiensis

67
Q

Largest medically important bacteria

A

Borrelia burgdorferi (causes Lime Disease)

68
Q

Sugar backbone of Peptidoglycan

A

Glycan

69
Q

Peptide side of Peptidoglycan

A

Peptido

70
Q

Cross linkage of Peptido and Glycan

A

Transpeptidase

71
Q

Kill bacteria by cleaving the glycan backbone of peptidoglycan (beta1-4 linkage between GlcNAc and MurNac)

A

Lysozymes

72
Q

Play a role in facilitating the passage of small, hydrophilic molecules into the cell

A

Porin proteins

73
Q

Peptidoglycan of Gram (+)

A

Thicker; Multi-layer

74
Q

Peptidoglycan of Gram (-)

A

Thinner; Single-layer

75
Q

Teichoic Acids in Gram (+)

A

Present

76
Q

Teichoic Acids in Gram (-)

A

Absent

77
Q

Lipopolysaccharide in Gram (+)

A

Absent

78
Q

Lipopolysaccharide in Gram (-)

A

Present

79
Q

Periplasmic space in Gram (+)

A

Absent

80
Q

Periplasmic space in Gram (-)

A

Present

81
Q

Endotoxin in LPS: Gram (+) or (-)

A

Gram (-)

82
Q

Endotoxin consists of

A

Lipid AO antigen

83
Q

All gram (+) bacteria have NO Endotoxin EXCEPT

A

Listeria monocytogenes

84
Q

Gram staining: Step 1

A

Primary Staining

85
Q

Gram staining: Step 1 stain

A

Crystal Violet

86
Q

Gram staining: Step 2

A

Fix stain

87
Q

Gram staining: Step 2 mordant

A

Iodine

88
Q

Gram staining: Step 3

A

Decolorizing

89
Q

Gram staining: Step 3 agent

A

Acetone or Alcohol

90
Q

Gram staining: Step 4

A

Counterstain

91
Q

Gram staining: Step 4 stain

A

Safranin

92
Q

Color changes in Gram Staining

A

Gram (+) - VioletGram (-) - Pinkish red

93
Q

Staining for Mycobacteria

A

Acid Fast Staining

94
Q

Acid Fast Staining: Reagent

A

Carbolfuschin

95
Q

Acid Fast Staining: 2 Methods

A

Ziehl-Nielsen (with heat)Kinyoun (without heat)

96
Q

Approach to Spirochetes

A

Dark Field Microscopy

97
Q

No cellwall

A

Mycoplasma spp.

98
Q

Approach to Legionella spp.

A

Silver Staining Method

99
Q

Approach to Chlamydiae and Rickettsiae

A

Giemsia Staining (Rickettsiae: also Tissue Staining)

100
Q

Bacteria not seen in gram stain

A

TreponemaRickettsiaMycobacteriaMycoplasmaLegionellaChlamydia

101
Q

Site of oxidative and transport enzymes; Lipoprotein bilayer without sterols

A

Cytoplasmic membrane

102
Q

Protein synthesis; RNA and protein in 30s and 50s subunits

A

Ribosome

103
Q

Genetic material; DNA

A

Nucleoid (no nuclear membrane)

104
Q

Participates in cell division and secretion; Invagination of plasma membrane

A

Mesosome

105
Q

Contains many hydrolytic enzymes, including beta lactamases; Space between plasma membrane and outer membrane

A

Periplasm (only in gram -)

106
Q

Cell parts that confer virulence

A

CapsulePilus or FimbriaGlycocalyxFlagellumSporePlasmidGranule

107
Q

Polysaccharide; Protects against phagocytosis

A

Capsule

108
Q

Glycoprotein; For attachment or conjugation

A

Pilus or Fimbria

109
Q

Polysaccharide; Mediates adherence to surfaces

A

Glycocalyx

110
Q

Protein; Motility

A

Flagella

111
Q

Keratin-like coat, Dipicolinic acid; Resistance to heat and chemicals; Formed by gram (+) rods: Bacillus, Clostridium spp.

A

Spore

112
Q

DNA; Genes for antibiotic resistance and toxins (exotoxins); Extrachromosomal, double-stranded, circular DNA capable of replicating independently o the bacterial chromosome

A

Plasmid

113
Q

Glycogen, lipids, phosphates; Site of nutrients in cytoplasm

A

Granule

114
Q

Al bacterial capsules are composed of polysaccharide EXCEPT

A

Bacillus anthracis (Polypeptide D-glutamate)

115
Q

Flagella movement of Eukaryotic Cell

A

Whip-like

116
Q

Flagella movement of Prokaryotic Cell

A

Rotatory

117
Q

F pilus

A

Sex pilus

118
Q

1 Flagellum

A

Monotrichous

119
Q

Flagella on both ends

A

Amphitrichous

120
Q

Multiple Flagella

A

Lophotrichous

121
Q

1 sided or 1 end Flagella

A

Peritrichous

122
Q

From cell to cell by conjugation; Large, contain about a dozen genes for synthesis of the sex pilus and for the enzymes required for transfer

A

Transmissible plasmids

123
Q

Small, do not contain transfer genes; Frequently present in many (10-60) copies per cell

A

Nontransmissible plasmids

124
Q

Toxic proteins produces by certain bacteria that are lethal for othee bacteria

A

Bacteriocins

125
Q

Degradative enzymes produced by Pseudomonas capable of cleaning up environmental hazards such as oil spills and toxic chemical waste sites

A

Bioremediation

126
Q

Cells are depleted of metabolites as the result of unfavorable condition; Adaptation to new environment; Zero growth rate

A

Phase 1: Lag Phase

127
Q

Rapid cell division occurs; Beta lactam antibiotics act during this phase; Constant growth rate

A

Phase 2: Log or Exponential Phase

128
Q

Exhaustion of nutrients or the accumulation of toxic products cause growth to cease completely; Spores are formed; Zero growth rate

A

Phase 3: Maximum Stationary Phase

129
Q

Most of the cells die because nutrients have been exhausted; Negative growth rate

A

Phase 4: Decline or Death Phase

130
Q

Toxic products from Oxygen Metabolism

A

SuperoxideHydrogen peroxide

131
Q

Needed to survive in aerobic environments

A

Superoxide dismutasePeroxidaseCatalase

132
Q

Completely dependent on oxygen for ATP-generation

A

Obligate aerobes

133
Q

Use fermentation but can tolerate low amounts of oxygen because they have superoxide dismutase

A

Microaerophiles

134
Q

Utilize oxygen if it is present but can use fermentation in its absence

A

Facultative anaerobes

135
Q

Exclusively anaerobic but insensitive to the presence of oxygen

A

Aerotolerant anaerobes

136
Q

Cannot grow in the presence of oxygen because they lack superoxide dismutase, peroxidase and catalase

A

Obligate anaerobes

137
Q

Drug of choice for anaerobes

A

Metronidazole

138
Q

Obligate aerobes

A

NocardiaNeisseriaPseudomonasMycobacteriaBordetellaBrucellaBacillus cereusLegionellaLeptospira

139
Q

Obligate anaerobes

A

ActinomycesBacteroidesClostridium

140
Q

True or False: Bacteria are diploid.

A

False (Haploid)

141
Q

True or False: Bacteria DNA is linear.

A

False (circular)

142
Q

Move readily from one site on the bacterial chromosome to another or from the bacterial chromosome to a plasmid

A

Transposons or Jumping Genes

143
Q

The movement of genes from inactive (storage) sites into active sites of transcription; Can lead to antigenic variation

A

Programmed rearrangements

144
Q

Relapsing fever is caused by

A

Borrelia recurrentis

145
Q

DNA transferred from one bacterium to another

A

Conjugation

146
Q

DNA transferred by a virus from one cell to another

A

Transduction

147
Q

Purified DNA taken up by a cell

A

Transformation

148
Q

Pathways of Transduction

A

Lytic PathwayLysogenic Pathway

149
Q

3 types of Molecular Changes

A

Base substitutionFrameshift mutationTransposons or Insertion sequences

150
Q

Study of Mutagenicity

A

Ames Test

151
Q

Microorganisms that are permanent residents of the body; With low virulence

A

Normal Flora

152
Q

Occurs when normal flora occupy receptor sites preventing pathogens from binding

A

Colonization resistance

153
Q

Normal Flora: Skin

A

Staphylococcus epidermidis (have glycocalyx)

154
Q

Normal Flora: Nose

A

Staphylococcus aureus (anterior nares)

155
Q

Normal Flora: Mouth

A

Viridans streptococci

156
Q

Normal Flora: Dental plaque

A

Streptococcus mutans

157
Q

Normal Flora: Colon

A

BacteriodesE. coli

158
Q

Normal Flora: Vagina

A

Lactobacillus vaginalisE. coliStreptococcus agalactiae

159
Q

MRSA

A

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

microbiology (8 decks)

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