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Parasitology Flashcards

1
Q

What is parasitism?

A

A symbiotic relationship in which one organism (the parasite) benefits at the expense of the host

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2
Q

Where is an endoparasite found?

A

Internally

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3
Q

Where is an ectoparasite found?

A

On skin and hair

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4
Q

What are the two main classifications of parasites?

A
  • Protozoans
  • Helminths
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5
Q

Are protozoa eukaryotes or prokayrotes?

A

Eukaryotes, they have nuclei

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6
Q

What are protozoa?

A

Single celled simple animals

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7
Q

How are protozoa classified?

A

Based on locomotion

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8
Q

Protozoa exist in what two forms?

A
  • Trophozoite
  • Cyst
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9
Q

What happens when protozoa are in trophozoite form?

A

Cell is vegetative
Feeding off the host and multiplying

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10
Q

What happens when protozoa are in cyst form?

A

Dormant and resistant phase for outside the host

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11
Q

What is the method of locomotion of sporozoa?

A

No method of locomotion

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12
Q

What is the method of reproduction of sporozoa?

A

Simple fission followed by sexual reproduction (2 cycles)

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13
Q

What is the etiologic agent for malaria?

A

Plasmodium spp.

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14
Q

What is the vector of plasmodium spp. causing malaria?

A

Anopheles mosquito

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15
Q

What is the most prevalent species of plasmodium in sub-Saharan Africa?

A

Plasmodium falciparum
Responsible for the majority of malaria deaths globally

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16
Q

What is the second most significant species of plasmodium?
Where is it prevalent?

A

Plasmodium vivax
Prevalent in Southeast Asia and Latin America

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17
Q

What is the most prevalent parasitic disease worldwide?

A

Malaria

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18
Q

What is malaria?

A

Febrile illness caused by plasmodium infection of RBCs

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19
Q

What are some symptoms of malaria?

A
  • Fever
  • Anemia and circulatory changes
  • Splenomegaly
  • Bone marrow suppression
  • Hemoglobinuria
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20
Q

What is hemoglobinuria?

A

“Black water fever”
High amounts of hemoglobin in urine

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21
Q

What is the etiologic agent of toxoplasmosis?

A

Sporozoa: toxoplasma gondii

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22
Q

What is the vector of toxoplasma gondii causing toxoplasmosis?

A

Feces of infected domestic cats

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23
Q

How might toxoplasma affect a pregnant woman?

A

May cause miscarriage or severe neurological damage to the fetus

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24
Q

How might toxoplasma affect someone with AIDS?

A

Important cause of AIDS-related dementia

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25
Q

Toxoplasmosis requires no treatment unless symptoms are severe, except for…

A
  • pregnant women
  • HIV positive individuals
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26
Q

How is sporozoa cyptosporidium transmitted?

A

Fecal-oral transmission usually via water

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27
Q

What is the most common symptom of cryptosporidiosis?

A

Watery diarrhea

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28
Q

Rhizopods are amoeboid
What does this mean?

A

They can change shape

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29
Q

What are the most primitive of all protozoans?

A

Rhizopods

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30
Q

How do rhizopods reproduce?

A

Binary fission

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31
Q

What is the method of locomotion of rhizopods?

A

Pseudopods (false foot)

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32
Q

How do rhizopods adapt to environmental stress?

A

Can exist as cyst

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33
Q

What is the etiologic agent of amebiasis?

A

Rhizopod: entamoeba histolytica

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34
Q

Rhizopod entamoeba histolytica colonizes…

A

the colon

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35
Q

Which parasite causes the disease “Montezuma’s Revenge” and “New Delhi Belly”?

A

Rhizopod: entamoeba histolytica

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36
Q

What are symptoms of acute amebiasis?

A

Diarrhea (occ. bloody), flatulence, cramping, and abdominal pain

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37
Q

What are symptoms of chronic amebiasis?

A

Alternating bouts of diarrhea and constipation

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38
Q

What class of parasite is the largest to infect humans?

A

Mastigophora

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39
Q

How do mastigophora reproduce?

A

Binary fission

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40
Q

What is the method of locomotion of mastigophora?

A

Flagella

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41
Q

Mestigophora exist solely in which form?

A

Trophozoite (vegetative)

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42
Q

What is the vector of mastigophora: trichomonas vaginalis?

A

Sexually transmitted

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43
Q

Is mastigophora: trichomonas vaginalis invasive?

A

No, non-invasive

44
Q

Is mastigophora: trichomonas vaginalis toxin producing?

45
Q

What are some symptoms of mastigophora: trichomonas vaginalis in females and males?

A

Petechial hemorrhaging
Persistent vaginitis in females
Chronic long term infection in males: prostatitis and urethritis

46
Q

Mastigophora: trichomonas vaginalis exits only in ___ form

A

trophozoite

47
Q

What is the etiologic agent of trypanosomiasis?

A

Trypanosoma spp (mastigophora)

48
Q

What is the vector of trypanosoma spp?

A

Tsetse fly

49
Q

“Sleeping sickness” is the common name for what disease?

A

Trypanosoma spp (mastigophora)

50
Q

African sleeping sickness is confined to…

A

central Africa

51
Q

How does African sleeping sickness progress from the tsetse fly bite?

A

Localized inflammation at the bite is followed by hematogenous and lymphatic spread
Colonizes small blood vessels of the heart and brain

52
Q

What are the symptoms of African sleeping sickness?

A

Fever, headache, impaired mental status leading to coma and death

53
Q

African sleeping sickness agent, trypanosoma spp, exists only in the ___ form

A

trophozoite

54
Q

What is the etiologic agent of giardiasis?

A

Giardia lamblia (mastigophora)

55
Q

What is the vector of giardia?

A

Fecal-oral

56
Q

Giardiasis is also known as…

A

Beaver fever

57
Q

What are symptoms of giardiasis?

A
  • Diarrhea (steatorrhea)
  • Cramping
  • Flatulence
  • Anorexia
58
Q

What form does giardia exist in?

A

Both cyst and trophozoite

59
Q

What is the etiologic agent of an oriental sore?

A

Leishmania spp (leads to leishmaniasis)

60
Q

What is the vector of leishmania spp?

61
Q

After a bite from a sand flea carrying leishmania spp, when will oriental sore appear?

A

Weeks to months after bite

62
Q

What are the symptoms and progression of leishmaniasis (oriental sore)?

A
  • Itchy pustules
  • Lymphadenopathy
  • Spontaneous healing in 5-12 months
  • Depigmented scar
  • If confined to skin, no further issues once scar forms
63
Q

Only one ciliate infects humans causing intestinal disease, what is it?

A

Balantidium coli

64
Q

What is the vector of balantidium coli?

A

Fecal-oral involving swine feces

65
Q

Are helminths eukaryotes of prokaryotes?

A

Eukaryotes

66
Q

What are the two phyla of helminths?

A
  • Platyhelminthes (flatworms)
  • Nemahelminthes (roundworms)
67
Q

What are the three classes of worms?

A
  • Cestodes (tapeworms)
  • Trematodes (flukes)
  • Nematodes (roundworms)
68
Q

Which of the worms is the largest?

69
Q

Cestodes lack…

A

vascular and respiratory systems

70
Q

Describe the sex organs of cestodes

A

They are hermaphrodites

71
Q

How do cestodes absorb nutirents?

A

Across the cuticle

72
Q

Adult cestodes consist of what three parts?

A
  • Scolex
  • Regenerative neck regions
  • Long segmented body
73
Q

What is the function of the scolex in a cestode?

A

Used for attachment

74
Q

What is the regenerative neck region of a cestode?

A

Immature segmented portion of a tapeworm: proglottid

75
Q

What is the sexually maturing section of a tapeworm?

A

Mature proglottids

76
Q

What portion of the a cestode will break away and release eggs?

A

Gravid proglottids

77
Q

What type of host is needed for a tapeworm?

A

Need a primary and secondary host; humans usually incidental

78
Q

Tapeworm can live in humans for…

79
Q

How large is a tapeworm?

A

May reach lengths of 10-25 feet

80
Q

What are some symptoms of tapeworm?

A
  • Gastric discomfort
  • Nausea
  • Diarrhea
  • Weight loss
81
Q

Describe the structure of tematodes

A

Bilateral symmetry

82
Q

How large are trematodes?

A

Millimeters to centimeters in length

83
Q

What are the sexual characteristics of trematodes?

A

Can be hermaphrodites or schistosomes (sexual)

84
Q

Paragonimus westermani is an example of what type of worm?

A

Trematode; lung fluke

85
Q

What is the vector of paragonimus westermani?

A

Ingestion of improperly cooked crab

86
Q

With paragonimus westermani, eosinophilia and inflammation result in formation of…

A

a fibrous capsule

87
Q

How does paragonimus westermani progress from inflammation?

A
  • Formation of a fibrous capsule
  • Swell and erode into bronchioles
  • Can rupture pleura
  • May travel to intestine and brain
88
Q

What is the name of the Chinese liver fluke?

A

Trematode: clonorchis sinesis

89
Q

What is the vector of clonorchi sinesis causing liver pathology?

A

Ingestion of improperly cooked fish

90
Q

Where are clonorchis sinesis larvae released?
Where will they travel?

A

Larvae are released into duodenum and travel to the common bile duct
Can migrate to the pancreas

91
Q

Migration of clonorchis senesis may cause…

A
  • fever
  • chills
  • mild jaundice
  • eosinophilia
  • hepatomegaly
92
Q

Which worm causes fibrosis, bile stones, and is associated with bile duct carcinoma?

A

Trematode: clonorchis senesis

93
Q

How long can clonorchis senesis survive in a human host?

94
Q

What is the only trematode that is cylindrical in shape and have both genders?

A

Schistosoma spp

95
Q

Where does schistosoma spp occur in the body?

A

Occurs as a blood fluke

96
Q

What is the vector for schistosoma spp?

A

Fecal-oral

97
Q

How do schistosoma spp reproduce?

A

Male and female join for life to sexually reproduce

98
Q

Which worm starts as an infection in the portal veins and travel to the ascending colon?

A

Schistosoma spp

99
Q

Schistosoma lay eggs in…

A

the colon; rupture into the bowel or bladder

100
Q

What are some symptoms of schistosoma spp?

A

Adult worms in intestinal tract causes abdominal pain and bloody diarrhea

101
Q

How long can schistosoma live in a host?

102
Q

What are the two types of nematodes?

A
  • Intestinal
  • Tissue
103
Q

What is the body shape of intestinal nematodes?

A

Fusiform boy shape

104
Q

Where must intestinal nematodes incudbate?

A

Eggs must iincubate outside host to become infective

105
Q

How many offspring are produced by intestinal nematodes?

A

Thousands of offspring

Clinical Microbiology (6 decks)

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