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Clinical Microbiology > Bacteriology > Flashcards

Bacteriology Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the three components of a gram positive bacteria’s cell wall?

A
  • Teichoic acid
  • Peptidoglycan
  • Plasma membrane
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2
Q

What are the five components of a gram negative bacteria’s cell wall?

A
  • Lipopolysaccharide
  • Phospholipid
  • Lipoprotein
  • Peptidoglycan
  • Plasma membrane
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3
Q

Peptidoglycans contain… held together by…

A

repeating units of sugars held together by peptide chains

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4
Q

All gram+ cell walls contain…

A

teichoic acid

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5
Q

Where can teichoic acid be found?

A

Gram+ cells

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6
Q

Which type of bacteria will stain pink?
Which will stain purple?

A

Gram- stains pink
Gram+ stains purple

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7
Q

Teichoic acid protrudes above the cell wall, what is the effect?

A

A negative charge is imparted to the cell

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8
Q

Stains have a ___ charge, allowing for stronger bonding with cells with a ___ charge.

A

Stains have a negative charge, allowing for stronger bonding with cells with a positive charge.

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9
Q

Which feature of a gram+ cell wall is required for infection by streptococcus spp only?

A

M protein

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10
Q

How does M protein function in a gram+ cell wall?

A

Protrudes from cell wall making cell too large to phagocytize

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11
Q

Is M protein likely to mutate?

A

Yes, highly susceptible to mutation

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12
Q

Mycolic acid in a gram+ cell wall is found only in…

A

Mycobacterium spp

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13
Q

What is the structure and function of mycolic acid in a gram+ cell wall?

A

Waxy lipid inside cell wall structure that acts as a barrier against antibiotics and host defenses

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14
Q

What is the unique outer layer of a gram- cell wall?

A

Lipopolysaccharide

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15
Q

Beneath the outer membrane of a gram- cell wall lies…

A

a thin layer of peptidoglycan

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16
Q

What is the role of lipid A in a gram- cell wall?

A

Endotoxin that is released when cell dies

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17
Q

O Polysaccharides are part of…

A

lipopolysaccharides of the outer layer of gram- cell wall

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18
Q

What is the function of the O polysaccharide portion of a lipopolysaccharide?

A

Used as a diagnostic marker by the gram- cell

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19
Q

What is the primary stain of Gram stain?

A

Crystal violet

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20
Q

What is the mordant of Gram stain?

A

Gram’s iodide

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21
Q

What is the decolorizer of Gram stain?

A

95% ethanol

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22
Q

What is the secondary stain of Gram stain?

A

Safranin

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23
Q

What is the function of Gram’s iodide as a mordant in Gram stain?

A

Fixes dye to the material (cells, tissue, etc)

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24
Q

Glycocalyx consists of…

A

a capsule and slime layer

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25
Q

Many organisms are not infectious without a…

A

capsule (glycocalyx)

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26
Q

What is the function of the glycocalyx’ capsule around bacteria?

A

Inhibits phagocytosis

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27
Q

Are genes transferrable through the glycocalyx’ capsule?

A

Yes

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28
Q

Are genes transferrable through the glycocalyx’ slime layer?

A

Yes

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29
Q

Which bacterial structure is associated with dental decay?

A

Glycocalyx: slime layer

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30
Q

Describe the adherence of the glycocalyx’ slime layer to its surface

A

Very loose adherence to surface

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31
Q

What is the structure and function of fimbriae?

A

Sticky projections used for adherence

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32
Q

Where can fimbriae be found?

A

Gram- organisms

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33
Q

Are genes transferrable in the fimbriae?

A

Yes

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34
Q

What are pili?
What is their function?

A

Bacterial conjugations
Motility through twitching

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35
Q

Pili are involved in the development of…

A

biofilms

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36
Q

What feature of e. coli allows for movement from colon to bladder?

A

Flagella

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37
Q

What is the function of flagella?

A

Motility from one area of the body to another

38
Q

What are four possible flagellar arrangements?

A
  1. Monotrichous
  2. Amphitrichous
  3. Lophotrichous
  4. Peritrichous
39
Q

What determines whether the bacteria runs or tumbles, moving the microbe?

A

Direction of flagellar rotation

40
Q

Which flagellar arrangement has one straight flagella?

A

Monotrichous

41
Q

Which flagellar arrangement has one curly flagella?

A

Amphitrichous

42
Q

Which flagellar arrangement has multiple flagella from one origin?

A

Lophotrichous

43
Q

Which flagellar arrangement has multiple flagella from multiple origins?

A

Peritrichous

44
Q

Endoflagella is made up of…

A

axial filaments

45
Q

Rotation of axial filaments follows what general pattern?

A

Corkscrew

46
Q

Axial filaments provide the ability to…

A

bore through tissue

47
Q

Describe the speed of axial filaments’ movements

A

Very slow moving

48
Q

What is the clinical significance of flagella and axial filaments?

A
  • Opportunistic infections
  • Escape from host defenses
  • Systemic infection
49
Q

What are plasmids?

A

DNA “doughnuts”
Extra-chromosomal pieces of DNA in bacteria

50
Q

Which component of bacteria carries genes for toxins and antibiotic resistance?

A

Plasmids

51
Q

How are plasmids transferred between bacteria?

A

Via pili during conjugation

52
Q

Endospores are a response to…

A

environmental stress

53
Q

Endospores are only found in…

A

soil-dwelling gram+ rods

54
Q

What are endospores extremely resistant to?

A
  • Heat
  • Desiccation
  • Toxic chemicals
  • UV radiation
  • Antibiotics
55
Q

What are three spore formers?

A
  • Clostridium tetani
  • Clostridium botulinum
  • Bacillus anthracis
56
Q

What are the physical requirements for bacterial growth?

A
  • Temperature
  • pH
  • Osmotic pressure
57
Q

Psychrophiles and psychrotrophs are bacteria that prefer ___ for optimal growth

A

low temperatures

58
Q

Mesophiles are bacteria that prefer ___ for optimal growth

A

moderate temperature

59
Q

Thermophiles and hyperthermophiles are bacteria that prefer ___ for optimal growth

A

high temperatures

60
Q

How does increased temperature affect bacteria?

A

Breaks chemical bonds

61
Q

Human pathogens fall into the ___ temperature range.

A

mesophile or moderate temperature range

62
Q

Majority of bacteria grow best at ___ pH.

A

neutral (7.0)

63
Q

Pathogens prefer ___ pH

A

blood (7.34)

64
Q

How would an alkaline (basic) pH affect bacteria?

A

Breaks bonds, altering protein structure, a lethal event

65
Q

How would an acidic pH affect bacteria?

A

Breaks bonds, altering protein structure, a lethal event

66
Q

What is osmotic pressure when referring to bacteria?

A

Pressure exerted on bacteria by their environment, especially water

67
Q

High salt concentrations create a ___ environment leading to ___

A

hypertonic environment leading to plasmolysis

68
Q

What is halophilic bacteria?

A

Salt-loving bacteria

69
Q

What are the requirements of obligate halophilic bacteria?

A

High salt concentration

70
Q

What are the requirements of extreme halophilic bacteria?

A

Very high levels of salt

71
Q

What are the requirements of facultative halophilic bacteria?

A

Can grow with or without salt in the environment

72
Q

Bacteria share many of the same requirements as…

A

humans

73
Q

What is the relationship of most bacteria to oxygen?

A

Many do not require oxygen for growth and some die in its presence

74
Q

What are the two types of bacteria that can grow in presence of oxygen?

A
  • Aerobes
  • Facultative anaerobes
75
Q

What are obligate aerobes?

A

Bacteria that require O2 to grow

76
Q

What are facultative anaerobes?

A

Bacteria that can grow with or without O2

77
Q

What are obligate anaerobes?

A

Bacteria that die in the presence of O2

78
Q

What is a binary fission of bacteria?

A

The process whereby bacteria increase their numbers by splitting

79
Q

What is a generation of bacteria?

A

Each division of bacteria is a generation

80
Q

By what method do bacteria divide?

A

Binary fission

81
Q

What is generation time of a bacteria?

A

Time between divisions

82
Q

Name the four phases of the bacterial growth curve

A
  1. Lag phase
  2. Exponential log phase
  3. Stationary phase
  4. Death phase
83
Q

At what phase of the bacterial growth curve are there the most live cells?

A

Log phase (exponential growth)

84
Q

What occurs to the bacteria during the lag phase of their growth?

A

Bacteria are adjusting to their environment

85
Q

What occurs to the bacteria during the log phase of their growth?

A

Bacteria double exponentially with a constant minimum doubling time

86
Q

How long will the log phase of bacterial growth last?

A

Until resources are depleted

87
Q

During what growth phase are bacteria most metabolically active?

A

Log phase

88
Q

During what growth phase are bacteria most susceptible to antibiotics?

A

Log phase

89
Q

What happens with bacterial growth during the stationary phase?

A

Number of cells dividing equals the number of cells dying
(resource availability is decreasing)

90
Q

The death phase of bacterial growth is also known as…

A

logarithmic decline phase

91
Q

What are two causes of the death phase of bacteria?

A

Exhaustion of resources or toxicity of environment

92
Q

Describe the number of bacteria during the death phase of their growth

A

Continuous decline in the number of dividing cells, many die

Clinical Microbiology (6 decks)

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