Major Introductory Concepts Flashcards
Going over definitions and basic concepts as foundations
What is the kingdom classification of bacteria?
Kingdom Monera: Prokaryote
Describe features of bacteria as prokaryotes
- Simple, single celled
- Reproduce quickly
- Loose DNA and chromosomes
- No nucleus
What are the four bacterial shapes?
- Cocci
- Bacilli
- Spirals
- Spirochetes
Most human diseases are caused by what type of bacteria?
Spirochetes
Mycology is the study of…
simple plants known as fungi and yeast
What is the kingdom classification of fungi and yeast?
Kingdom fungi: Eukaryote
What are features of fungi as eukaryotes?
- Multi-cellular
- Contain a nucleus
- Reproduction slower than bacteria
How does fungi compare to more complex plants?
Lack chlorophyl: no respiration, no glucose
What is the purpose of fungi?
Decompose infected substrate
What are the two fungal shapes?
Yeast and mold
How large can mold become?
Can become the world’s largest life form
Virology is the study of…
viruses and prions
What is the kingdom classification of viruses and prions?
No kingdom because non-living
80% of human disease and death is caused by…
viruses
Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites. What does this mean?
They need a host to replicate
Which microbe is smallest?
Viruses; millions can infect a cell
What are the possible viral shapes?
- Cylindrical
- Polyhedral
- Spherical
- Complex (bacteriophage)
Parasitology is the study of…
simple and complex animals
What are the two kingdoms of parasites?
Kingdom Protista and Animalia
What are examples of Kingdom Protista: Protozoa?
Microscopic, simple, single-celled parasites causing incredible symptoms
What are Kingdom Animalia: Helminths?
Macroscopic worms
What are Phylum: Nemahelminthes?
Round worms (more advanced)
What are Phylum: Platyhelminthes?
Flat worms (less advanced)
What are the two phylums of helminths?
Nemahelminthes: round worms
Platyhelminthes: flat worms
What is the only overtly symptomatic STD to women? What type of microbe is its cause?
Trichomoniasis: protozoan parasite
What is giardia? What type of microbe is its cause?
Beaver fever, a nasty GI disease common in dogs
Protozoan parasite
As a protozoan parasite, does giardia need a host?
No
If you have tapeworm, how many are likely to be infesting?
Usually only one
If you have roundworms, how many are likely to be infesting?
Many infest at once
Describe the symptoms of tapeworm
No overt symptoms, may stay in system for 1-2 years
How large is a tapeworm?
Tapeworms are host specific: can be .5cm to 28ft
Roundworm eggs can stay in soil up to…
6 years
What is normal flora?
Any microbe that lives in or on the human body without causing harm to the host
Normal flora is also referred to as…
microbiome
Is there more normal flora or body cells in the body?
3x microbes in/on body than body cells
Which normal flora produces Vitamin K?
E. coli
How does normal flora follow for generations?
Shared through touch especially to children
What is a pathogen?
Any microbe causing infection/illness
What is an opportunistic pathogen?
How does it cause disease?
Potentially infectious microbe that’s considered the hosts normal flora. Causes disease when the host’s resistance is low or innate defenses have been breached.
90% of female UTIs are caused by…
opportunistic pathogen: e. coli
Where is staph supposed to be?
What does it cause when it’s elsewhere?
Staph is supposed to be on the skin
When it moves, it acts as an opportunistic pathogen and causes infection
What is pathogenesis?
Sequence of steps required resulting in the manifestation of disease
Epidemiology is the study of…
factors determining the frequency and distribution of disease
What are the five requirements of infection?
- Entry
- Establishment
- Defeat host defenses
- Damage the host
- Transmission to new host
What are five transmission mechanisms of disease spread?
- Air
- Food or water
- Insect vectors
- Person to person contact
- Geographic distribution
What are five propagation of epidemic disease factors?
- Poor socioeconomic conditions
- Ignorance of how infections occur
- Poor hygiene
- Natural disasters
- War and relocation of refugees
Virulence and virulence factors allow the pathogen to…
- Persist in the host
- Cause disease
- Escape or defeat host defenses
Describe the innate immune response of host defenses
- First line of defense
- Non-specific (always happening)
- Cellular and chemical factors (dodges microbe)
Describe the adaptive immune response of host defenses
- Lethal response (kills microbe)
- Specific response (triggered)
- Memory
Which immune response of the host takes more time?
Adaptive immune response
What type of cell will recognize a microbe?
T lymphocytes
Which infections are easiest to treat?
Bacterial infections
What prevention method is common for bacterial infections and works against a majority of microbes?
Antiseptics and disinfectants
What is the treatment for bacterial infections?
Antibiotics (hopefully the bacteria isn’t resistant)
Why are fungi harder to treat than bacteria?
They share common cell structures with human cells (a nucleus)
What is the treatment for fungal infections?
Antimycotics (antibiotics specific to fungi)
Antimycotics are targeting which part of the fungi cell?
Cell walls (we don’t have those)
Describe systemic antimycotics
What is a risk of these?
Taken as a pill, break, repeat
Can cause RBC rupture leading to anemia
Describe topical antimycotics
Taken 2x a day for 1 year to get through all layers of fungi
What is the treatment for viral infections?
There is no treatment for a viral illness
What must happen to prevent a viral infection?
Viruses must be destroyed prior to entering a cell OR the host cell must be killed prior to releasing the replicated viruses
Treatment for protozoa can cause… because…
can cause severe human illness because protozoa are simple animals sharing many cellular components
What will treatment for protozoa target?
Protozoa’s reproductive abilities
With treatment for protozoa, how will the patient feel?
Worse before better
Treatment for helminths can cause… because…
can cause severe human illness because helminths are more complex animals sharing many cellular components
How do we treat helminths?
Try to get rid of them slowly with deworming pills causing intestinal purge
What are two important factors in preventing infectious disease?
Public health and immunization
Antiseptics are used on…
skin
Disinfectants are used on…
surfaces
Antibiotics are used on…
living systems
Name five public health measures taken to prevent disease
- Disinfection of water supplies
- Monitoring food supplies
- Proper hygiene and sanitation
- Proper waste removal and treatment
- Insect and pest control
How can microbes benefit the environment?
- Recycling vital elements in soil
- Convert environmental elements into usable form
- Return CO2 to the atmosphere
- Recycle waste water
- Decontaminate toxic spills
How can microbes benefit humans?
Production of chemicals, hormones, and enzymes
Production of food