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Clinical Microbiology > Major Introductory Concepts > Flashcards

Major Introductory Concepts Flashcards

Going over definitions and basic concepts as foundations

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the kingdom classification of bacteria?

A

Kingdom Monera: Prokaryote

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2
Q

Describe features of bacteria as prokaryotes

A
  • Simple, single celled
  • Reproduce quickly
  • Loose DNA and chromosomes
  • No nucleus
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3
Q

What are the four bacterial shapes?

A
  • Cocci
  • Bacilli
  • Spirals
  • Spirochetes
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4
Q

Most human diseases are caused by what type of bacteria?

A

Spirochetes

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5
Q

Mycology is the study of…

A

simple plants known as fungi and yeast

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6
Q

What is the kingdom classification of fungi and yeast?

A

Kingdom fungi: Eukaryote

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7
Q

What are features of fungi as eukaryotes?

A
  • Multi-cellular
  • Contain a nucleus
  • Reproduction slower than bacteria
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8
Q

How does fungi compare to more complex plants?

A

Lack chlorophyl: no respiration, no glucose

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9
Q

What is the purpose of fungi?

A

Decompose infected substrate

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10
Q

What are the two fungal shapes?

A

Yeast and mold

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11
Q

How large can mold become?

A

Can become the world’s largest life form

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12
Q

Virology is the study of…

A

viruses and prions

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13
Q

What is the kingdom classification of viruses and prions?

A

No kingdom because non-living

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14
Q

80% of human disease and death is caused by…

A

viruses

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15
Q

Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites. What does this mean?

A

They need a host to replicate

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16
Q

Which microbe is smallest?

A

Viruses; millions can infect a cell

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17
Q

What are the possible viral shapes?

A
  • Cylindrical
  • Polyhedral
  • Spherical
  • Complex (bacteriophage)
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18
Q

Parasitology is the study of…

A

simple and complex animals

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19
Q

What are the two kingdoms of parasites?

A

Kingdom Protista and Animalia

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20
Q

What are examples of Kingdom Protista: Protozoa?

A

Microscopic, simple, single-celled parasites causing incredible symptoms

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21
Q

What are Kingdom Animalia: Helminths?

A

Macroscopic worms

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22
Q

What are Phylum: Nemahelminthes?

A

Round worms (more advanced)

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23
Q

What are Phylum: Platyhelminthes?

A

Flat worms (less advanced)

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24
Q

What are the two phylums of helminths?

A

Nemahelminthes: round worms
Platyhelminthes: flat worms

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25
Q

What is the only overtly symptomatic STD to women? What type of microbe is its cause?

A

Trichomoniasis: protozoan parasite

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26
Q

What is giardia? What type of microbe is its cause?

A

Beaver fever, a nasty GI disease common in dogs
Protozoan parasite

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27
Q

As a protozoan parasite, does giardia need a host?

A

No

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28
Q

If you have tapeworm, how many are likely to be infesting?

A

Usually only one

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29
Q

If you have roundworms, how many are likely to be infesting?

A

Many infest at once

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30
Q

Describe the symptoms of tapeworm

A

No overt symptoms, may stay in system for 1-2 years

31
Q

How large is a tapeworm?

A

Tapeworms are host specific: can be .5cm to 28ft

32
Q

Roundworm eggs can stay in soil up to…

A

6 years

33
Q

What is normal flora?

A

Any microbe that lives in or on the human body without causing harm to the host

34
Q

Normal flora is also referred to as…

A

microbiome

35
Q

Is there more normal flora or body cells in the body?

A

3x microbes in/on body than body cells

36
Q

Which normal flora produces Vitamin K?

A

E. coli

37
Q

How does normal flora follow for generations?

A

Shared through touch especially to children

38
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

Any microbe causing infection/illness

39
Q

What is an opportunistic pathogen?
How does it cause disease?

A

Potentially infectious microbe that’s considered the hosts normal flora. Causes disease when the host’s resistance is low or innate defenses have been breached.

40
Q

90% of female UTIs are caused by…

A

opportunistic pathogen: e. coli

41
Q

Where is staph supposed to be?
What does it cause when it’s elsewhere?

A

Staph is supposed to be on the skin
When it moves, it acts as an opportunistic pathogen and causes infection

42
Q

What is pathogenesis?

A

Sequence of steps required resulting in the manifestation of disease

43
Q

Epidemiology is the study of…

A

factors determining the frequency and distribution of disease

44
Q

What are the five requirements of infection?

A
  1. Entry
  2. Establishment
  3. Defeat host defenses
  4. Damage the host
  5. Transmission to new host
45
Q

What are five transmission mechanisms of disease spread?

A
  1. Air
  2. Food or water
  3. Insect vectors
  4. Person to person contact
  5. Geographic distribution
46
Q

What are five propagation of epidemic disease factors?

A
  1. Poor socioeconomic conditions
  2. Ignorance of how infections occur
  3. Poor hygiene
  4. Natural disasters
  5. War and relocation of refugees
47
Q

Virulence and virulence factors allow the pathogen to…

A
  • Persist in the host
  • Cause disease
  • Escape or defeat host defenses
48
Q

Describe the innate immune response of host defenses

A
  • First line of defense
  • Non-specific (always happening)
  • Cellular and chemical factors (dodges microbe)
49
Q

Describe the adaptive immune response of host defenses

A
  • Lethal response (kills microbe)
  • Specific response (triggered)
  • Memory
50
Q

Which immune response of the host takes more time?

A

Adaptive immune response

51
Q

What type of cell will recognize a microbe?

A

T lymphocytes

52
Q

Which infections are easiest to treat?

A

Bacterial infections

53
Q

What prevention method is common for bacterial infections and works against a majority of microbes?

A

Antiseptics and disinfectants

54
Q

What is the treatment for bacterial infections?

A

Antibiotics (hopefully the bacteria isn’t resistant)

55
Q

Why are fungi harder to treat than bacteria?

A

They share common cell structures with human cells (a nucleus)

56
Q

What is the treatment for fungal infections?

A

Antimycotics (antibiotics specific to fungi)

57
Q

Antimycotics are targeting which part of the fungi cell?

A

Cell walls (we don’t have those)

58
Q

Describe systemic antimycotics
What is a risk of these?

A

Taken as a pill, break, repeat
Can cause RBC rupture leading to anemia

59
Q

Describe topical antimycotics

A

Taken 2x a day for 1 year to get through all layers of fungi

60
Q

What is the treatment for viral infections?

A

There is no treatment for a viral illness

61
Q

What must happen to prevent a viral infection?

A

Viruses must be destroyed prior to entering a cell OR the host cell must be killed prior to releasing the replicated viruses

62
Q

Treatment for protozoa can cause… because…

A

can cause severe human illness because protozoa are simple animals sharing many cellular components

63
Q

What will treatment for protozoa target?

A

Protozoa’s reproductive abilities

64
Q

With treatment for protozoa, how will the patient feel?

A

Worse before better

65
Q

Treatment for helminths can cause… because…

A

can cause severe human illness because helminths are more complex animals sharing many cellular components

66
Q

How do we treat helminths?

A

Try to get rid of them slowly with deworming pills causing intestinal purge

67
Q

What are two important factors in preventing infectious disease?

A

Public health and immunization

68
Q

Antiseptics are used on…

A

skin

69
Q

Disinfectants are used on…

A

surfaces

70
Q

Antibiotics are used on…

A

living systems

71
Q

Name five public health measures taken to prevent disease

A
  1. Disinfection of water supplies
  2. Monitoring food supplies
  3. Proper hygiene and sanitation
  4. Proper waste removal and treatment
  5. Insect and pest control
72
Q

How can microbes benefit the environment?

A
  • Recycling vital elements in soil
  • Convert environmental elements into usable form
  • Return CO2 to the atmosphere
  • Recycle waste water
  • Decontaminate toxic spills
73
Q

How can microbes benefit humans?

A

Production of chemicals, hormones, and enzymes
Production of food

Clinical Microbiology (6 decks)

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