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Animal Husbandry > Parasitology > Flashcards

Parasitology Flashcards

1
Q

Classification of parasites

A

Predator
Obligate
Facultative
Temporary
Accidental/incidental
-spurious
-erratic
-host specificity

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2
Q

Predator

A

Organism that attacks another living animal not necessarily killing them(attacker)

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3
Q

Obligate

A

Cannot exist without host

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4
Q

Facultative

A

Not entirely dependent on host for survival - opportunistic

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5
Q

Temporary

A

A parasite that lives for only part of its life on host

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6
Q

Accidental/incidental

A

Appears in unusual host

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7
Q

Spurious

A

Pass through the digestive system without affecting host (may be unknown to its presence)

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8
Q

Erratic

A

Wander and reach into organs in which not usually found due to potential boroughing or laying dormant

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9
Q

Host specificity

A

Parasite can only utilise a certain range of hosts

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10
Q

Host types

A

Intermediate host
Paratenic/transport/carrier host
Reservoir host
Definitive host
Accidental host
Compromised host
Host specificity
Vector

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11
Q

Intermediate host

A

Parasite needs to spend part its life in intermediate host which may get ingested by final destination to sexually mature

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12
Q

Paratenic/transport/carrier host

A

Take advantage of another host not wanting to kill /harm in order to survive for wider goal

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13
Q

Reservoir host

A

Remain alive and can develop but don’t want to kill it or harm it as not end goal

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14
Q

Definitive host

A

Final host where they want to be (dog cat pets etc) reach sexual maturity and reproduce

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15
Q

Accidental host

A

Not expecting to find the host can survive partly

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16
Q

Compromised host

A

Old, young, human - opportunistic parasites

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17
Q

Host specificity

A

Host is specific to that parasite
Horse lice on horse

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18
Q

Vector

A

Disease transmitter living organisms

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19
Q

Symbiosis

A

2 closely living organisms

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20
Q

Parasitism

A

Symbiotic relationship - one is of detrimental health to other
Non mutual relationships

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21
Q

Symbiont

A

Smaller of the two (symbiosis) usually the parasite

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22
Q

What are the different relativist symbionts have

A

Commensalism
Mutualism
Parasitism
Predation

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23
Q

Commensalism

A

One benefits from the other without harming host
Example - vultures eating carcasses and disease (clean up crew)

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24
Q

Mutualism

A

Both host and symbiont are benefiting
Example - ox pecker eating bugs off rhinos

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25
Q

Predation

A

Host is negatively impacted and can be killed by symbiont

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26
Q

Parasitism

A

Host negatively impacted by symbiont but does not die
Example - fleas and ticks

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27
Q

Parasite transmission types

A

Passive
Active
Inoculative

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28
Q

Passive transmission

A

Parasite doesn’t travel to host
May eat contaminated food/water
Accidental ingestion

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29
Q

Active transmission

A

Move to host like fleas

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30
Q

Inoculative transmission

A

Inject / blood suckers carry the disease
Malaria with mosquitos
Lime disease with ticks

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31
Q

Location and time spent on the host

A

Ectoparasite - Infestation
Endoparasite - infection

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32
Q

Extracellular parasite (endo parasite)

A

Live on or within host tissue

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33
Q

Intracellular parasite (endoparasite)

A

Live inside a host cell

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34
Q

Harmful effects of parasites

A

Blood loss
Hypersensitivity (sweet itch)
Toxicity (maggots)
Cutaneous lesions (secondary invasion of pathogens)
Disease transmission
Irritation (behaviour/itchy)
Interference with human animal bond

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35
Q

Life cycle of parasites

A

The entire sequence of stages in the life of a parasite from adults of one generation to adults of the next

Direct life cycle - lives on one moves to another
Indirect life cycles - intermediate host needed to grow first

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36
Q

3 main groups of Ectoparasites in uk

A

Fleas
Ticks
Mites (Mosquitos and lice also part of insect group)

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37
Q

Temporary Ectoparasite

A

Visit host for food then leave
Ticks flies midges mosquitos

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38
Q

Stationary Ectoparasite

A

Spend some time in host but may not spend all their life on the same one
Ticks egg

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39
Q

Permanent Ectoparasite

A

Live permanently on host lice and mites

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40
Q

Arthropods Ectoparasite

A

Joined appendages
Exoskeleton - chitin

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41
Q

3 classes of arthropods

A

Class Crustacean - crustacean - no parasites
Class arachnida - arachnids (spiders) ticks also
Class insecta - insects - fleas flies mosquitos mites and lice

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42
Q

Insects - lice

A

Wingless
Permanent parasite
Dorsoventrally flattened
Claw for clasping feathers/hair
Host specific

43
Q

Sucking type lice

A

Elongated head
Narrow mouth parts for piercing skin and sucking blood

44
Q

Biting lice

A

Broad head
Mouthparts adapted to chewing

45
Q

Lice lifecycles

A

4-6 week
Passed by direct contact with infested host
Adult lice live on host at all times
Adult lice lay eggs called nits that stick to hair
Nit develops to immature adult (nymph) then adult

46
Q

Lice epidemiology

A

Highly host specific
Transmission is host to host contact/sharing brushes

47
Q

Clinical signs of lice

A

Poor coat appearance
Presence of eggs/lice
Restlessness bad temper and itchy
Alopecia and skin lesions dermatitis

48
Q

Lice diagnosis

A

Visual detection

49
Q

Lice treatment and prevention

A

Licensed insecticide
Wash all equipment/bedding etc

50
Q

Fleas - insects

A

Wingless
Laterally flattened
Dark brown
1-6mm long
Rapid movers through coat
Ability to jump (specialised legs)
Mouthparts adapted for piercing skin and sucking blood
Head detail is characteristic of the species
Some species are host specific

51
Q

Life cycle of fleas

A

12-14 days (can extend to 140days)

Adult fleas seek host
Mate and feed on host (lay eggs)30 eggs/ days
Eggs fall off host
Larva spins cocoon off host
Pupal stage cocoon
Adult flee emerges in response to vibrations and CO2

52
Q

Epidemiology fleas

A

Host specific
Pre emerged fleas highly protected from environmental conditions
Emergence depends on presence of appropriate stimuli and can be rapid

53
Q

Clinical signs of fleas

A

Variable - itchy/dermatitis

54
Q

Fleas diagnosis

A

Combing animal then wipe onto white tissue to see Flea dirt and maybe fleas

55
Q

Fleas treatment and prevention

A

Correct targeted use of a species specific and approved Ectoparasiticide
Treatment of other household pets
Treat environment

56
Q

Ectoparasite insects - Flies

A

Winged
Some fly larvae are facultative parasites (can but don’t have to infest living animals)
Obligate parasite (cannot complete lifecycle without animal host)
Fly strike (rabbits and sheep during summer)

57
Q

Life cycle of flies

A

12 days

Adult lays eggs
Eggs turn to larvae (maggots)
Form cocoon called pupa
They hatch and become adult flies

58
Q

Ectoparasite insects midges

A

Winged
Wings patterned with light and dark markings
Biting -mouth parts well adapted for cutting skin and sucking blood
Measure 1-3mm
Crepuscular - active at dawn and dusk
More frequently horse in uk - causes sweet itch
Vectors of disease through transmission of viruses/bacteria etc
Breed round water

59
Q

Life cycle of midges

A

28-32 days

Adult lay eggs
Eggs hatch to Larvae
Turn to pupae
Turn to adults

60
Q

Ectoparasite arachnids - mites

A

Single sac without definition of head or thorax
Mouthparts protrude
4 pairs of legs

Surface dwellers have long legs
Suckers or claws on end of legs

Subsurface dwellers have short legs with pegs/spines on legs

Life cycle occurs on host
Transfers from host to host close contact
Acquired from environment

61
Q

Life cycle of mite

A

10 days to 3 weeks
Adult lives on host
Lays eggs 3-4 days eggs hatch
Larvae hatch (only 3 pairs of legs )
Larva molts to nymph and has 4 pairs of legs

62
Q

Mites epidemiology

A

Direct skin contact bedding or brushes
Some can survive in the environment

63
Q

Clinical sites of mites

A

Mainly lessons at ears elbows and hocks
Redness on skin
Crust formation and alopecia
Self inflicted trauma

64
Q

Mites diagnosis

A

Skin scraping and microscopic examination

65
Q

Treatment and prevention of mites

A

Licensed systematic treatment most effective
Isolation from other and treat all

66
Q

Ectoparasite arachnids -ticks

A

Single sac without definition of head thorax or abdomen
Mouthparts developed for piecing skin and removing blood
Larvae 1mm
Adult 1cm
Most ticks are hard tick (scutum) shell

67
Q

Life cycle of tick

A

3 months to 3years
Female lays eggs in environment then dies
Eggs hatch (3 pairs of legs)
Larvae feed on host
Molt into nymph in environment
Nymphs feed on host
Molt into adult in environment
Adult spends majority in environment
Mate Then feed on large mammal

68
Q

Ticks epidemiology

A

Temporary parasite
Variable time on host
Highly seasonal

69
Q

Clinical signs of ticks

A

Main sites will be non hairy and thin haired areas
Anaemia in heavy burdens
Infected wounds

70
Q

Ticks diagnosis

A

Visual

71
Q

Treatment and prevention of ticks

A

Careful removal - remove head parts so no infection (limes disease)
Disposal

72
Q

Endoparasite groups in uk

A

Nematodes
Cestodes
Trematodes
Protozoa
(Zoonotic)

73
Q

Nematode

A

Roundworms - cylindrical and featureless
Example - ascarids, hookworms, shipworms, strongyles, pinworm

74
Q

Nematodes-ascarids

A

Largest round worm found in dogs cats and horses
Found in small intestine

75
Q

Toxocara canis

A

Found in dogs
Up to 20cm long
Of white/pinkish
Stout

76
Q

Toxocara cati

A

Cats
8-15cm long
More pronounced arrow head than canis

77
Q

Toxascaris leonina

A

Dogs and cats
2-10cm

78
Q

Parascaris equorum

A

Horses
40-50cm long

79
Q

Life cycle of Toxocara canis

A

3months
Direct or indirect ingested by dog
Eggs passed in faces into soil
Eggs containing larva ingested by humans or dogs

80
Q

Life cycle of canis for humans

A

Humans = migration to eyes, organs via circulation causing inflammation
Undercooked meat
Unwashed veg

81
Q

Life cycle of canis for dog

A

Dogs = migrate via circulation to organs if lungs can be coughed up and swallowed then passed by feces

Pregnant dog = placenta, milk, infect puppies

82
Q

Life cycle of Toxocara cati

A

Same as dog but no placenta passing when pregnant
3 months

83
Q

Lifecycle of toxascaris leonina

A

Passes egg in feces
Larva develop in environment
Ingests by transport/intermediate host
Or cat/dog ingests larvae or egg

84
Q

Life cycle of parascaris equorum

A

80days
Females lay up to 200,000 eggs per day in small intestines
Eggs passed in manure (embryo may live for 10years without hatching)
Mature egg eaten then hatch when swallowed
Go through intestine wall into liver
Blood carries larva to lungs and airways
Coughed up and swallows some become adults

85
Q

Nematodes ascarids - hookworm

A

Large Mouthparts set at angle for hook with cutting plates and pairs of teeth
Many species
Infect small intestine
Infection from ingestion of larvae
Penetrating skin
Larval leak
Transmammary transmission in milk
Zoonotic

86
Q

Life cycle of hookworms

A

14-30days

Lay eggs in small intestine
Passed in feces
Hatch in environment
Larvae ingested from environment or direct penetration
Larvae can remain in muscle waiting for pregnancy
Ingested via milk

87
Q

Nematodes - ascarids whipworms dog

A

Trichuris vulpis (canine)
Found in large intestine (colon and caecum)
Anterior end is long and narrow like the lash of whip
Burrow into mucosa
Posterior end is broad like whip handle
Take Up to 12weeks to shed eggs in faeces

88
Q

Nematodes - ascarids whipworms horse

A

Strongyloides westeri
Tiny hair like worm (intestinal head worms)
Oesophagus one third of length of worm
Develop in small intestine
1cm long

89
Q

Life cycle of whipworms dog

A

12weeks
Eggs ingested
Hatch and begin development in intestine
Mature to adults in caecum
Eggs passsd in feces
Develop infective larvae

90
Q

Lifecycle of whipworm in horses

A

Few weeks
Ingested or penetrates skin
Can pass to milk
develop to adults in foal in small intestine
Eggs pass in feces

91
Q

Nematodes ascarids - strongyles (small red worm)

A

40+ different species can inhabit large intestine1cm length
Ingestion of larvae from the pasture
Burrow into wall of large intestine
Adults feed on superficial layers of intestinal mucus

92
Q

Nematodes ascarids - strongyles (large red worm)

A

3 species that can inhabit the equine large intestine
1.5cm to 5cm
Migratory life cycle
Acquired through ingestion of larvae
Burrow into wall of large intestine
Migrate to abdomen then cranial mesentric artery then LI
cause considerable damage/ulcers/death to intestines and horse

93
Q

Lifecycle of small red worm

A

Eggs in faeces develop
Larvae in grass ingested
Larvae Enter large intestine mucus
Develop into adults and lay eggs
Eggs pass out in faeces

94
Q

Life cycle of large red worm

A

Same as small red worm but may migrate to abdomen and cause colic before migrating to intestine

95
Q

Nematodes pinworms oxyuris equi

A

A gastrointestinal parasite of adult horses
Associated with perianal pruritis
Lay eggs round anus
Pale yellow eggs viewed under microscope
10cm female 1cm male
Cleanliness is essential prevention

96
Q

Life cycle of oxyuris equi

A

Eggs pass in faces and mature in soil then ingested
Adults stay in rectum and lay egg in Anus
Clumps of 8000 to 60000

97
Q

Cestodes - tapeworms

A

Flatworm
Head (scolex) has hooks and suckers that attach to intestine wall
Chain (strobili)
Segments (proglottids)
Each contain male and female parts which once mature drop off as bag of eggs
Passes to environment

98
Q

When are you species infected by tapeworm

A

Horses = ingest mites carrying tapeworm
Dogs/cats = when fleas or lice carry tapeworm and bite host
Cats = when ingest rodents carrying tapeworm

99
Q

Indirect life cycle of tapeworm in horses

A

Mites will ingest tapeworm eggs
Eggs hatch inside mite
Horse ingests mites
Mites release hatches eggs where they mature and begin to reproduce
Mature tapeworm release eggs internally
Eggs released in manure cycle begins again

100
Q

Indirect life cycle tapeworms cats

A

Infected adult flea ingested by dog or cat
Adult worm develops in small intestine
Posterior part of adult worm passes in faeces
Segments an egg packets in faeces and on fur
Eggs ingested by flea larvae
Flea develops into adult and contains immature tapeworm

101
Q

Endoparasite trematodes - flukes

A

Flat worm
Parasite a number of organs (intestine,bile ducts, blood, lungs)
Wet ground with standing water increases risk of

102
Q

Life cycle of liver fluke

A

Eggs shed 8-12 weeks after infection
Host is mud snail which picks them up on grass
Cow eat the grass then ingests eggs

103
Q

Endoparasite Protozoa

A

Small unicellular organism
Different species pararsite different tissues and organs of bod (intestine, liver, muscle, NS, RBC, brain)
Have complex series of reproductive stages and life cycles
May be zoonotic

104
Q

Life cycle of toxoplasma gondii

A

Asexual and sexual reproduction
Raw undercooked meat
Contaminated veg/water
Cats eat prey carrying Protozoa
Contain in faeces
Contaminates pregnant humans

Animal Husbandry (9 decks)

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