Nutrition Flashcards

Question

Fatty acid

Answer 1

During digestion fats are broken down into fatty acids which absorbed into blood Building blocks of fat in body Essential (need in diet) non essential (body can synthesise out of other food types) Carry fat soluble vitamins (A,D,E,K)

Answer 2

Linoleic acid (omega 6) Key for metabolic regulation and cell function Linoleic avid (omega 3) Essential to life for all mammals

Answer 3

Provision and storage of energy Provision of essential fatty acids Aids absorption of fat soluble vitamins Metabolic and structural functions (cell membrane integrity) Insulate/protect organs Enhance texture and palpability Synthesis of hormones (steroids)

Answer 4

Pregnant Young animals (high energy) Working animals Too little = low energy, dull coat underweight Excess = fat, low energy

Answer 5

Cannot convert essential fatty acids into longer chains Dogs can synthesis arachidonic acid (polyunsaturated) from linoleic acid but cats cant

Answer 6

Complex molecules Work in cells (long chains/building blocks of aa linked by peptide bonds)

Answer 7

Horses dogs and rabbits require 10 Cats require 11 (taurine - found only in meat source)

Answer 8

Must be part of the diet because the body can’t synthesise from anywhere else

Answer 9

Body will create out of diet

Answer 10

Muscle coordination Neurological and mental function

Answer 11

Body maintenance

Answer 12

Tissue repair

Answer 13

Hoof and hair quality

Answer 14

Growth and development

Answer 15

Small intestine

Answer 16

Used as energy or converted into fat

Answer 17

Regulates metabolism Structural role in cell walls and muscle fibre Transport oxygen Protect against infection Synthesise hormones and enzymes Energy source Tissue and growth repair

Answer 18

Infection/wound Pregnancy/lactation Deficiency = weak hair/skin, muscle wastage Excess = fat

Answer 19

Higher maintenance protein needs Too little = eye problems Need taurine in diet as unable to synthesise in body

Answer 20

Inorganic nutrients

Answer 21

Calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, potassium, sulphur, sodium and chloride

Answer 22

Iron, copper, zinc, iodine, selenium and manganese

Answer 23

Organic compounds Most cannot be synthesised Fat soluble (toxicity risk) - A,D,E,K water soluble (poorly stored) - C,B complex

Answer 24

Sources - fish oils, liver, eggs and dairy products, FRV Antioxidant properties Vision, coat/skin, reproduction

Answer 25

Anorexia Impaired growth and reproductive failure Ataxia

Answer 26

Skeletal abnormalities

Answer 27

Sources - fish and fish oils, dairy products, the sun Essential for bones and absorption of other vitamins

Answer 28

Soft tissue calcification Hypercalcemia - too much calcium

Answer 29

Source- plants, veg oils, seeds and grains, egg yolk, green veg Antioxidant properties

Answer 30

Dull/ flaky skin Muscle weakness Reproductive failure

Answer 31

No negatives - non toxic

Answer 32

Source - leafy greens, cod liver oil Regulates formation of blood clotting factors

Answer 33

Unable to clot blood Haemorrhage increased time

Answer 34

Anaemia potentially None recorded

Answer 35

Thiamine (B1) riboflavin (B2) niacin (B3) pyridoxine (B4) biotin, folic acid and cobalamin (B12) Meat fish and poultry Coenzymes Non toxic Body can’t store them Cell, muscle and energy metabolism

Answer 36

Nervous system damage Diarrhoea

Answer 37

Synthesised in the liver (except guinea pig) Citrus fruit and green veg Antioxidant Immunity Drug and steroid metabolism Collagen synthesis

Answer 38

Bad breath Bone / joint pain/weakness Delayed wound healing

Answer 39

7% water loss leads to dehydration 15% water loss leads to death

Answer 40

50-60ml per kg in 24 hours cats require less than dogs

Answer 41

Dry food 6-10% Semi moist food 24-40% Canned/wet food 80%

Answer 42

Grass 85% Hay 10% Haylage 30-60% (40% ideal)

Answer 43

Electrolytes - potassium, sodium and chloride

Answer 44

Normal function of heart muscles Deficiency = down to diet (not common in cats and dogs)

Answer 45

Controls electrolyte balance between intra and extracellular fluids Maintain nerve cells and muscle fibre contractibility Deficiency = not seen

Answer 46

Aids regulation of normal osmotic pressure, water balance and acid-base balance Forms HCl Deficiency = not common

Answer 47

Warm it Add fats Strong smelling foods

Answer 48

Omnivores - hunt in packs and experience gaps between meals

Answer 49

Carnivores - solitary hunters eating little and often Don’t like sharing

Answer 50

Herbivores- herd grazers, foragers, eating little and often roughage

Answer 51

Diet that meets the nutritional energy needs for the specific animal

Answer 52

Complete - contains everything needed and already balanced Complimentary- might need to add something additional for condition etc

Answer 53

As and when required always accessible

Answer 54

Lack of food/type of food Environment not meeting energy requirement Illness/age/health

Answer 55

Designed to eat little and often (grazers) of high fibrous low energy density foods Hind gut fermentors using the caecum Susceptible to colic or GI stasis Coprophagia - eat feaces straight from anus (not horses)

Answer 56

Fat and carbs Protein

Answer 57

Quality forage, water, salt/mineral block Grain and concentrates often unnecessary

Answer 58

Forages - legumes (alph alpha) or grasses Concentrates - grains

Answer 59

Nutrients vary greatly with management and maturity of the grasses Legumes are higher in protein, calcium and energy than grass Hay is dried forage

Answer 60

Forage is base Feed at rate of 1.5-2.5% of body weight Feed by weight not volume Stomachs are small so concentrate a (if required) should be fed twice daily no ,ore than 0.5% of body weight per feed

Answer 61

Hay haylage and grass major source of fibre and energy

Answer 62

Non structural carbs (sugars) Digested rapidly Energy released quickly for short burst of energy Structural carbs (fibre) Digested slowly Provide sustained energy

Answer 63

Between 3-4am as grass sugar levels are at their lowest

Answer 64

Clinical nutrition Diet influences disease and recovery in a number of conditions

Answer 65

Inflammation of the stomach Uncommon in horses (ulcers) Common in cats and dogs

Answer 66

Horses - gastric ulceration Dogs/cats - vomitting

Answer 67

Low fat and highly digestible Dogs/cats - chicken and rice/recovery food Horses - ad lib fibre little and often to buffer stomach

Answer 68

Inflammation of the small intestine Infectious origin - bacterial/viral Non infectious origin - parasite

Answer 69

Diarrhoea Introduce small low fight and highly digestible meals - introduce back to normal diet

Answer 70

Inflammation of large intestine Infectous origin - bacterial/viral Non infectious origin - parasite, drug intoxication, food allergy

Answer 71

Watery diarrhoea (maybe blood) Increase fibre diets Elimination diet if food allergy

Answer 72

Common form of malnutrition Classed as obese if 15% over optimum body weight

Answer 73

Diagnosis via body scoring chart Treat by - increased exercise, fibre, low fat, balanced diet (make sure doesn’t lose more than 2-3% each week)

Answer 74

Progressive degeneration of renal function naturally occurs from aging

Answer 75

May not occur till >70% nephrons stop working Polydipsia (drinking lots) Polyuria (weeing lots) Weight loss Lethargy Inappetence Vomiting

Answer 76

Renal Diet (up to 2 year’s extension ) Reduces strain on kidneys Controlled protein Restricted phosphorus Reduced sodium - prevent hypertension

Answer 77

Common Related to ragwort in horses Not diagnosed until later stages of disease process due to enormous capacity to regenerate

Answer 78

Moderate protein Restricted fats Highly digestible complex carbs Increased soluble and insoluble fibre Low copper (accumulates in liver) Add zinc - limits encephalopathy

Answer 79

Disease which affects the function of the brain due to toxins or viral infection

Answer 80

Inflammatory condition of the laminae in foot Could be caused by diet Length of hoof Box rest Hard ground Joint infection

Answer 81

Unwillingness to move Rocking weight back Recumbency (lay down) Prominent growth rings on feet Flaky soles, sore feet, shortened gait

Answer 82

Diet Avoid lush grass in autumn and spring Hard work on hard ground

Answer 83

Effects pituitary gland and causes tumour to develop

Answer 84

Muscle wastage Lethargy Increased drinking and urinating Supraorbital fat pads Long curly coats Pot belly Mouth ulcers and recurring infections

Answer 85

Medication Soak hay to get rid of sugars (replace minerals with balancer) Restricted grass

Answer 86

Hormonal disorder similar to Cushing disease and diabetes type 2 Causes strong link with obesity and impaired action of insulin

Answer 87

Laminitis Fat pads Difficulty in weight loss Lethargy Obesity Excessive drinking and weeing

Answer 88

Well balanced graze Low levels of soluble carbs and reduced calories Essential vits and mins

Answer 89

Respiratory disease characterised by airways narrowing due to airborne allergens Dust from hay and straw Ammonia from wee

Answer 90

Chronic cough Excess thickened mucus Increased respiratory effort and rate Heave lines

Answer 91

Avoid dry hay Soaked hay Haylage Grass

Answer 92

Impaired production/release of insulin Caused by imbalances in metabolism of carbs fats and proteins So unable to regulate blood sugar levels

Answer 93

Polyuria/polydipsia Excess appetite Weight loss Pot belly causes abnormalities in pancreas so doesn’t produce enough insulin

Answer 94

Avoid moist soft foods (high sugar levels) Increase soluble fibre (dogs) Normal diet: high protein low carbs (cats) Insulin shots before meals

Answer 95

70 x ((BW in kg) ^0.75) Round to nearest whole Units = Kcal/24hours

Answer 96

RER (answer) x life stage (given) Units is Kcal there will be a range due to range on life stage Divide both answers per tin/sachet of food to find amount pet should be fed per 24hours Go to nearest half

Answer 97

110-440 x (BW)^0.75 110-440 is range on data table (given)

Answer 98

(BW(KG) / 100) x 2.5 (2.5% of body weight)

Answer 99

18 + (BW/10) digestible energy required in mega joules

Answer 100

Work out total daily feed capacity then workout digestible energy Take digestible energy and divide by 9 (the MJ in hay/grass) Then compare against total daily feed (whether need to feed more or less)