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Animal Husbandry > Nutrition > Flashcards

Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

Why is nutrition important

A

Optimum health/activity
Vital in companion animals
Failure leads to suboptimal performance/medical impact

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2
Q

Energy derived from food

A

Energy fundamental requirements - power for cells to function
Measured in calories / kilocalories/kilojouls/megajoules

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3
Q

Energy contents

A

Carbs
Fats
Proteins

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4
Q

Water energy value

A

None

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5
Q

Gross energy

A

Max amount of energy that can be released from food

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6
Q

Digestible energy

A

Energy available from food when it has been absorbed into the body after digestion minus faecal losses

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7
Q

Metabolisable energy

A

Energy that is ultimately utilised by the tissue minus the energy lost in faeces, urine and gas products of digestion

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8
Q

4 basic classes of macronutrients ( energy producing nutrients)

A

Protein
Fat/lipids
Carbs
Dietary fibre (energy producing nutrients)

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9
Q

2 basic classes of micronutrients (non energy producing nutrients)

A

Vitamins
Minerals

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10
Q

Water

A

Is it’s own nutrient - most important as only survive 3 days without water
15% water loss is death

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11
Q

Carbohydrates 4 forms

A

Simple sugars
Complex sugars
Starches
Dietry fibres

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12
Q

Simple sugars

A

Smallest and simplest form
Monosaccharides eg glucose and fructose
Unhealthier sugar
Quicker release - stored quicker

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13
Q

Complex sugars

A

Aka disaccharides 2 linked monosaccharides
Eg lactose, sucrose, maltose
Unhealthier sugar

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14
Q

Starches

A

Polysaccharides- multiple monosaccharides
Eg starch, glycogen, fibre
Healthier sugars
Slower release - stores slower

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15
Q

Metabolic need

A

Minimum energy required to carry out the body’s chemical process to maintain life
Any excess can be stored or removed

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16
Q

Functions of carbohydrates

A

Energy production and storage
Regulation of blood glucose
Building macromolecules
Sparing use of protein for energy
Assisting in lipid metabolising
Dietary fibre (roughage)

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17
Q

When might carbs be needed more

A

Pregnant
Working
Diarrhoea
Deficient in something
If fed in excess stored as fat

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18
Q

Carbs and cats

A

Cats are carnivorous
Can’t utilise large amount of carbs - deficient in digestive enzymes for carb absorption
High protein diet to maintain glucose levels

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19
Q

Dietary fibre

A

Edible parts of plants

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20
Q

Soluble dietary fibre

A

dissolves in water to form a gel
Fermented in colon
Beneficial bacteria and increased viscosity of feaces

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21
Q

Insoluble fibre

A

Does not dissolve in water
Metabolically inert
Contain some prebiotic fibre
Absorbs water as it moves through digestive system - hard feaces
Not a source of energy for cats and dogs ( won’t contribute to weight gain)

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22
Q

Function of dietary fibre

A

Increases bulk and water of intestinal contents
Low energy count (corrects and prevent obesity)
Regulation of gut transit time and bowel movement
Produces short chain of fatty acids - colon health
Structural integrity of gut mucosa
Alteration of nutrient absorption and metabolism

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23
Q

When might dietary fibre be needed

A

Weight control - corrects obesity
Control appetite
Control calorie count
Gut integrity
Helps for teeth wear
Fed in excess = constipation/gas

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24
Q

Fats and lipids

A

Most calorie rich macronutrients
Saturated- solid at room temp (bad)
Mono and poly Unsaturated - liquid at room temp (goodish)
Increase palatability odour and texture of food

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25
Q

Fatty acid

A

During digestion fats are broken down into fatty acids which absorbed into blood
Building blocks of fat in body
Essential (need in diet)
non essential (body can synthesise out of other food types)
Carry fat soluble vitamins (A,D,E,K)

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26
Q

Essential fatty acids

A

Linoleic acid (omega 6)
Key for metabolic regulation and cell function

Linoleic avid (omega 3)
Essential to life for all mammals

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27
Q

Function of fat

A

Provision and storage of energy
Provision of essential fatty acids
Aids absorption of fat soluble vitamins
Metabolic and structural functions (cell membrane integrity)
Insulate/protect organs
Enhance texture and palpability
Synthesis of hormones (steroids)

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28
Q

When might we need more fat

A

Pregnant
Young animals (high energy)
Working animals
Too little = low energy, dull coat underweight
Excess = fat, low energy

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29
Q

Cats and fatty acids

A

Cannot convert essential fatty acids into longer chains

Dogs can synthesis arachidonic acid (polyunsaturated) from linoleic acid but cats cant

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30
Q

Protein

A

Complex molecules
Work in cells (long chains/building blocks of aa linked by peptide bonds)

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31
Q

Essential amino acids

A

Horses dogs and rabbits require 10
Cats require 11 (taurine - found only in meat source)

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32
Q

Essential amino acids

A

Must be part of the diet because the body can’t synthesise from anywhere else

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33
Q

Non essential amino acid

A

Body will create out of diet

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34
Q

Valine

A

Muscle coordination
Neurological and mental function

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35
Q

Tryptophan

A

Body maintenance

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36
Q

Phenylalanine and threonine

A

Tissue repair

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37
Q

Methionine

A

Hoof and hair quality

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38
Q

Isoleucine, histidine, arginine, leucine and lysine

A

Growth and development

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39
Q

Where does most of digestion of protein occurs

A

Small intestine

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40
Q

Excess protein

A

Used as energy or converted into fat

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41
Q

Function of protein

A

Regulates metabolism
Structural role in cell walls and muscle fibre
Transport oxygen
Protect against infection
Synthesise hormones and enzymes
Energy source
Tissue and growth repair

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42
Q

When might we need more protein

A

Infection/wound
Pregnancy/lactation
Deficiency = weak hair/skin, muscle wastage
Excess = fat

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43
Q

Cats and protein

A

Higher maintenance protein needs
Too little = eye problems
Need taurine in diet as unable to synthesise in body

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44
Q

Micronutrients minerals

A

Inorganic nutrients

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45
Q

Macrominerals

A

Calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, potassium, sulphur, sodium and chloride

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46
Q

Micro minerals

A

Iron, copper, zinc, iodine, selenium and manganese

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47
Q

What are minerals sometimes collectively referred to on food labels

A

Ash

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48
Q

Vitamins

A

Organic compounds
Most cannot be synthesised
Fat soluble (toxicity risk) - A,D,E,K
water soluble (poorly stored) - C,B complex

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49
Q

vitamin A

A

Sources - fish oils, liver, eggs and dairy products, FRV
Antioxidant properties
Vision, coat/skin, reproduction

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50
Q

Vitamin A deficiency

A

Anorexia
Impaired growth and reproductive failure
Ataxia

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51
Q

Vitamin A excess

A

Skeletal abnormalities

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52
Q

Vitamin D

A

Sources - fish and fish oils, dairy products, the sun
Essential for bones and absorption of other vitamins

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53
Q

Vitamin D deficiency

A

Rickets

54
Q

Vitamin D excess

A

Soft tissue calcification
Hypercalcemia - too much calcium

55
Q

Vitamin E

A

Source- plants, veg oils, seeds and grains, egg yolk, green veg
Antioxidant properties

56
Q

Vitamin E deficiency

A

Dull/ flaky skin
Muscle weakness
Reproductive failure

57
Q

Vitamin E excess

A

No negatives - non toxic

58
Q

Vitamin K

A

Source - leafy greens, cod liver oil
Regulates formation of blood clotting factors

59
Q

Vitamin K deficiency

A

Unable to clot blood
Haemorrhage increased time

60
Q

Vitamin K excess

A

Anaemia potentially
None recorded

61
Q

Vitamin B complex

A

Thiamine (B1) riboflavin (B2) niacin (B3) pyridoxine (B4) biotin, folic acid and cobalamin (B12)
Meat fish and poultry
Coenzymes
Non toxic
Body can’t store them
Cell, muscle and energy metabolism

62
Q

Vitamin b deficiency

A

Aneamia

63
Q

Vitamin b excess

A

Nervous system damage
Diarrhoea

64
Q

Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)

A

Synthesised in the liver (except guinea pig)
Citrus fruit and green veg
Antioxidant
Immunity
Drug and steroid metabolism
Collagen synthesis

65
Q

Vitamin C deficiency

A

Bad breath
Bone / joint pain/weakness
Delayed wound healing

66
Q

Vitamin C excess

A

Non toxic

67
Q

Water

A

7% water loss leads to dehydration
15% water loss leads to death

68
Q

Daily water requirements

A

50-60ml per kg in 24 hours cats require less than dogs

69
Q

Cats and dogs water contents

A

Dry food 6-10%
Semi moist food 24-40%
Canned/wet food 80%

70
Q

Horses rabbits and guinea pigs water content

A

Grass 85%
Hay 10%
Haylage 30-60% (40% ideal)

71
Q

Basic nutrients

A

Electrolytes - potassium, sodium and chloride

72
Q

Potassium

A

Normal function of heart muscles
Deficiency = down to diet (not common in cats and dogs)

73
Q

Sodium

A

Controls electrolyte balance between intra and extracellular fluids
Maintain nerve cells and muscle fibre contractibility
Deficiency = not seen

74
Q

Chloride

A

Aids regulation of normal osmotic pressure, water balance and acid-base balance
Forms HCl
Deficiency = not common

75
Q

Factors that stimulate appetite and salivary secretions

A

Warm it
Add fats
Strong smelling foods

76
Q

Dogs feeding behaviour

A

Omnivores - hunt in packs and experience gaps between meals

77
Q

Cats feeding behaviour

A

Carnivores - solitary hunters eating little and often
Don’t like sharing

78
Q

Horses/rabbits/guineapigs feeding behaviour

A

Herbivores- herd grazers, foragers, eating little and often roughage

79
Q

What is meant by the term a balanced diet

A

Diet that meets the nutritional energy needs for the specific animal

80
Q

Complete vs complimentary feed

A

Complete - contains everything needed and already balanced
Complimentary- might need to add something additional for condition etc

81
Q

Ad libitum meaning

A

As and when required always accessible

82
Q

What factors may contribute to malnutrition

A

Lack of food/type of food
Environment not meeting energy requirement
Illness/age/health

83
Q

Non ruminant herbivores meaning (horses rabbits guinea pigs etc)

A

Designed to eat little and often (grazers) of high fibrous low energy density foods
Hind gut fermentors using the caecum
Susceptible to colic or GI stasis
Coprophagia - eat feaces straight from anus (not horses)

84
Q

Non ruminant herbivores nutritional sources of energy

A

Fat and carbs
Protein

85
Q

Feeding practices horses

A

Quality forage, water, salt/mineral block
Grain and concentrates often unnecessary

86
Q

Forages and concentrate examples

A

Forages - legumes (alph alpha) or grasses
Concentrates - grains

87
Q

Forages

A

Nutrients vary greatly with management and maturity of the grasses
Legumes are higher in protein, calcium and energy than grass
Hay is dried forage

88
Q

Rabbit/ guinea pig/ chinchilla stomach volume

A

8-12ml/kg

89
Q

Feeding guidelines for horses and ponies

A

Forage is base
Feed at rate of 1.5-2.5% of body weight
Feed by weight not volume
Stomachs are small so concentrate a (if required) should be fed twice daily no ,ore than 0.5% of body weight per feed

90
Q

fibre for herbivores

A

Hay haylage and grass major source of fibre and energy

91
Q

Carb for herbivores

A

Non structural carbs (sugars)
Digested rapidly
Energy released quickly for short burst of energy

Structural carbs (fibre)
Digested slowly
Provide sustained energy

92
Q

Best time to feed fat horses

A

Between 3-4am as grass sugar levels are at their lowest

93
Q

Nutrient sensitive diseases causes

A

Clinical nutrition
Diet influences disease and recovery in a number of conditions

94
Q

Gastritis

A

Inflammation of the stomach
Uncommon in horses (ulcers)
Common in cats and dogs

95
Q

Clinical signs of gastritis

A

Horses - gastric ulceration
Dogs/cats - vomitting

96
Q

Gastritis diet modification

A

Low fat and highly digestible
Dogs/cats - chicken and rice/recovery food
Horses - ad lib fibre little and often to buffer stomach

97
Q

Enteritis

A

Inflammation of the small intestine
Infectious origin - bacterial/viral
Non infectious origin - parasite

98
Q

Clinical signs of enteritis

A

Diarrhoea

Introduce small low fight and highly digestible meals - introduce back to normal diet

99
Q

Colitis

A

Inflammation of large intestine
Infectous origin - bacterial/viral
Non infectious origin - parasite, drug intoxication, food allergy

100
Q

Clinical signs of colitis

A

Watery diarrhoea (maybe blood)

Increase fibre diets
Elimination diet if food allergy

101
Q

Obesity form

A

Common form of malnutrition
Classed as obese if 15% over optimum body weight

102
Q

How to treat and diagnose obesity

A

Diagnosis via body scoring chart
Treat by - increased exercise, fibre, low fat, balanced diet (make sure doesn’t lose more than 2-3% each week)

103
Q

renal failure

A

Progressive degeneration of renal function naturally occurs from aging

104
Q

Clinical signs of chronic renal failure

A

May not occur till >70% nephrons stop working
Polydipsia (drinking lots)
Polyuria (weeing lots)
Weight loss
Lethargy
Inappetence
Vomiting

105
Q

How can you expand chronic renal failure patients life span

A

Renal Diet (up to 2 year’s extension )
Reduces strain on kidneys
Controlled protein
Restricted phosphorus
Reduced sodium - prevent hypertension

106
Q

Liver failure/disease

A

Common
Related to ragwort in horses
Not diagnosed until later stages of disease process due to enormous capacity to regenerate

107
Q

Diet control for liver failure patients

A

Moderate protein
Restricted fats
Highly digestible complex carbs
Increased soluble and insoluble fibre
Low copper (accumulates in liver)
Add zinc - limits encephalopathy

108
Q

encephalopathy

A

Disease which affects the function of the brain due to toxins or viral infection

109
Q

Laminitis

A

Inflammatory condition of the laminae in foot
Could be caused by diet
Length of hoof
Box rest
Hard ground
Joint infection

110
Q

Clinical signs of laminitis

A

Unwillingness to move
Rocking weight back
Recumbency (lay down)
Prominent growth rings on feet
Flaky soles, sore feet, shortened gait

111
Q

How to prevent laminitis

A

Diet
Avoid lush grass in autumn and spring
Hard work on hard ground

112
Q

Equine Cushing disease (pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction)

A

Effects pituitary gland and causes tumour to develop

113
Q

Clinical signs of Cushing disease

A

Muscle wastage
Lethargy
Increased drinking and urinating
Supraorbital fat pads
Long curly coats
Pot belly
Mouth ulcers and recurring infections

114
Q

Diet needs for Cushing disease

A

Medication
Soak hay to get rid of sugars (replace minerals with balancer)
Restricted grass

115
Q

Equine metabolic syndrome (EMS)

A

Hormonal disorder similar to Cushing disease and diabetes type 2
Causes strong link with obesity and impaired action of insulin

116
Q

Clinical signs of Eunice metabolic syndrome

A

Laminitis
Fat pads
Difficulty in weight loss
Lethargy
Obesity
Excessive drinking and weeing

117
Q

Diet needs for EMS

A

Well balanced graze
Low levels of soluble carbs and reduced calories
Essential vits and mins

118
Q

Recurrrent airway obstruction (RAO) equine asthma

A

Respiratory disease characterised by airways narrowing due to
airborne allergens
Dust from hay and straw
Ammonia from wee

119
Q

Clinical signs of equine asthma

A

Chronic cough
Excess thickened mucus
Increased respiratory effort and rate
Heave lines

120
Q

Diet needs for equine asthma

A

Avoid dry hay
Soaked hay
Haylage
Grass

121
Q

Diabetes mellitus

A

Impaired production/release of insulin
Caused by imbalances in metabolism of carbs fats and proteins So unable to regulate blood sugar levels

122
Q

Clinical signs of diabetes mellitus

A

Polyuria/polydipsia
Excess appetite
Weight loss
Pot belly
causes abnormalities in pancreas so doesn’t produce enough insulin

123
Q

Diet needs for diabetes mellitus

A

Avoid moist soft foods (high sugar levels)
Increase soluble fibre (dogs)
Normal diet: high protein low carbs (cats)
Insulin shots before meals

124
Q

Resting energy requirements formula (RER)

A

70 x ((BW in kg) ^0.75)

Round to nearest whole

Units = Kcal/24hours

125
Q

Daily energy requirements (DER) Formula

A

RER (answer) x life stage (given)

Units is Kcal
there will be a range due to range on life stage

Divide both answers per tin/sachet of food to find amount pet should be fed per 24hours
Go to nearest half

126
Q

Exotics basic energy requirements formula (ME Kcal/day)

A

110-440 x (BW)^0.75

110-440 is range on data table (given)

127
Q

Total daily ration calculation for horse

A

(BW(KG) / 100) x 2.5 (2.5% of body weight)

128
Q

Energy requirement for maintenance for horses calculation (MJ)

A

18 + (BW/10)
digestible energy required in mega joules

129
Q

Average hay/grass MJ DE/Kg

A

9

130
Q

How to calculate for energy requirements for horses

A

Work out total daily feed capacity then workout digestible energy
Take digestible energy and divide by 9 (the MJ in hay/grass)
Then compare against total daily feed (whether need to feed more or less)

Animal Husbandry (9 decks)

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