Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Clinical Pathology G > Parasites > Flashcards

Parasites Flashcards

1
Q

Define symbiosis

A

living together; close, long term interaction between two different species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Define Mutualism

A

an association in which both species benefit from the interaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Define parasitism

A

an association in which the parasite derives benefit and the host gets nothing in return but always suffers some injury

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Define commensalism

A

an association in which the parasite only is deriving benefit without causing injury to the host

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is a definitive host?

A

Either harbours the adult stage of the parasite or where the parasite utilizes the sexual method of reproduction In the majority of human parasitic infections, man is the definitive host

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is an intermediate host?

A

Harbours the larval or asexual stages of the parasite Some parasites require two intermediate hosts in which to complete their life cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is a paratenic host?

A

Host where the parasite remains viable without further development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the two main types of parasites that cause disease in humans?

A

Protozoa (micro-parasites) Helminths (macro-parasites)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the 4 main types of protozoa?

A

Flagellates Amoeboids Sporozoans Trypanosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Name 5 sporozoans

A

Plasmodium sp Cryptosporidium sp Cyclospora sp Isospora sp Toxoplasma sp

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Name 2 amoeboids

A

Entamoeba sp Acanthamoeba sp

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Name 2 trypanosomes

A

Trypanosoma sp Leishmania sp

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Name a flagellate

A

Guardia Iamblia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are 2 types of helminth?

A

Flatworms (Platyhelminths) Roundworms (Nematodes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the 3 types of life cycle?

A

Direct Simple indirect Complex indirect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is an example of a direct life cycle?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is an example of an indirect life cycle?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is an example of a complex life cycle?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is ascariasis?

A
  • Macroparasite: Intestinal nematode, Ascaris lumbricoides
  • More than 1 billion people affected worldwide (approximately 1/7 world population)
  • Peak prevalence in 3-8 year olds
  • Areas of poor hygiene
  • 1 adult worm can produce 200,000 eggs per day
  • Acquired by ingestion of eggs
20
Q

What is the life cycle of ascariasis?

A
21
Q

What are the clinical features of ascariasis?

A

Lung Migration:

  • Loefflers syndrome- dry cough, dyspnea, wheeze, haemoptysis, eosinophilic pneumonitis

Intestinal Phase:

  • Malnutrition
  • Migration – into hepatobiliary tree and pancreas
  • Intestinal obstruction
  • Worm burden
22
Q

How is ascariasis treated?

A

Albendazole

  • Benzimidazole
  • Prevents glucose absorption by worm
  • Worm starves-detaches-passed PR
23
Q

What is schistosomiasis?

A
  • Macro-parasite (Helminth- Platyhelminth- Trematode/Fluke)
  • Also known as Bilharzia disease
  • Estimated that 200 million people effected worldwide (predominantly in Africa)
  • Caused by fluke, Schistosoma:
  • S. haematobium
  • S. mansoni
  • S. intercallatum
  • S. japonicum
  • S. mekongi
  • Causes chronic disease resulting in bladder cancer and liver cirrhosis
  • Snails as intermediate host
24
Q

What does the life cycle of schistosomiasis look like?

A
25
Q

What are the clinical features of schistosomiasis?

A

Urinary (S. haematobium)

  • Haematuria
  • Bladder fibrosis and dysfunction
  • Squamous cell CA bladder

Hepatic/Intestinal (S. mansoni; S. intercallatum, S. japonicum; S. mekongi)

  • Portal Hypertension
  • Liver cirrhosis
26
Q

How is schistosomiasis diagnosed?

A

Urinary

  • Terminal Stream Microscopy
  • Serology

Hepatic/Intestinal

  • Stool Microscopy
  • Rectal Snip Microscopy
  • Serology
27
Q

How is schistosomiasis treated?

A
  • Praziquantel (parazinoisoquinoline derivative)
  • 40-60 mg/kg with food 3 doses 8-hourly
  • Mechanism unknown- increased ionic permeability tetanic contraction, detachment, death
  • Well absorbed, extensive 1st pass metabolism, inactive metabolites excreted in urine
  • Treatment of long term complications
28
Q

What is hydatid disease?

A
  • Macro-parasite (Platyhelminth- Cestode-Tapeworm)
  • Human is accidental host
  • Usual hosts are sheep and dogs
  • Found all over the world wherever sheep are farmed
  • Caused by Echinococcus sp. (E. granulosus- cystic and E. multilocularis- alveolar)
29
Q

What does the life cycle of hydatid disease look like?

A
30
Q

What are the clinical features of hydatid disease?

A
  • Cysts: 70% liver, 20% lungs
  • May remain asymptomatic for years
  • Mass effect
  • Secondary bacterial infection
  • Cyst rupture- hypersensitivity
31
Q

How is hydatid disease diagnosed?

A

Imagin and serology

32
Q

How is hydatid disease controlled/prevented?

A
  • Regularly worm dogs to reduce egg production
  • Hand hygiene
  • Safe disposal of animal carcasses/products of conception
33
Q

What is Malaria?

A
  • Micro-parasite (protozoa- sporozoan)
  • 4 species of Plasmodium:

P. falciparum

P. vivax

P. ovale

P. malariae

  • 300-500 million people infected every year
  • 1-3 million deaths per year, mainly in young children
  • ~2000 cases/year in UK – 70% P. falciparum

(Travel clinic)

34
Q

What does the life cycle of malaria look like?

A
35
Q

What are the clinical features of malaria?

A

Parasites rupture red cells, block capillaries and cause inflammatory reaction

  • Fever & Rigors (alt. days with falciparum malaria, every 48hrs or 72hrs with benign malaria)
  • Cerebral malaria (confusion, headache, coma)
  • Renal failure (black water fever)
  • Hypoglycaemia
  • Pulmonary oedema
  • Circulatory collapse
  • Anaemia, Bleeding and DIC
36
Q

How is malaria diagnosed?

A
  • Thick and Thin Microscopy
  • Serology- detection of antigen in blood
  • PCR- detection of malarial DNA
37
Q

How is malaria treated?

A
38
Q

How is malaria controlled/prevented?

A
  • Insecticide spraying in homes
  • Larvicidal spraying on breeding pools
  • Filling in of breeding pools
  • Larvivorous species introduced in to mosquito breeding areas
  • Use of insecticide impregnated bed nets
  • Chemoprophylaxis
  • ??Vaccine??
39
Q

What is cryptosporidiosis?

A
  • Caused by Cryptosporidium parvum and hominis (micro-parasite, sporozoan)
  • Causes diarrhoeal disease
  • Human to human spread with animal reservoir (cattle, sheep, goats)
  • Faecal-oral spread
  • World wide distribution (esp. temperate and tropical)
  • Sporadic cases or lead to outbreaks
40
Q

What does the life cycle of cryptosporidiosis look like?

A
41
Q

What are the clinical features of Cryptosporidiosis?

A
  • Incubation 2-10 days (usually 7 days)
  • Watery diarrhoea with mucus (no blood)
  • Bloating, cramps, fever, nausea, vomiting
  • Usually self-limiting (last up to 2 weeks)
  • Can be severe in:
  • very young
  • very old
  • Immuno-compromised (60% HIV patients infected go on to chronic infection- can loose up to 25 litres fluid/day)
42
Q

Who is at risk of Cryptosporidiosis?

A

Human-Human Spread:

  • Regular users of swimming pools (can be resistant to chlorine)
  • Child care workers and parents
  • Nursing Home residents/carers
  • Healthcare workers
  • Travellers

Animal-Human Spread:

  • Backpackers, Campers, Hikers
  • Farm workers
  • Visitors to farms/petting zoos
  • Consumers of infected dairy products
43
Q

How is Cryptosporadiosis diagnosed?

A

•Faeces sample:

Acid fast staining

Antigen detection by EIA

44
Q

How is Cryptosporidiosis treated?

A

Symptomatic:

  • Rehydration etc.
  • Nitazoxanide

For immunocompromised:

  • Paromomycin (to kill parasite)
  • Nitazoxanide (effectiveness is unclear)
  • Octreotide (reduce cramps and frequency)
  • HIV patients, HAART should be quickly initiated
45
Q

How is cryptosporidiosis controlled/prevented?

A
46
Q

What are some common anti protozoal treatments?

A
  • Metronidazole
  • Pentamidine
  • Nitazoxanide
  • Pyrimethamine
  • Anti malarials
  • treatment
  • prophylaxis
47
Q

What are some common anti-helminthic drugs?

A
  • Albendazole
  • Mebendazole
  • Ivermectin
  • Praziquantel

Clinical Pathology G (23 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions